Table 1.
Association of MDDS with individual trait and state differences in cross-sectional studies.
| Study | Independent Variable | Subjects | Putamen | Caudate Nucleus | Globus Pallidus | Thalamus | Other Areas |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yokoyama, Nozawa, Takeuchi, Taki, Sekiguchi, Nouchi, Kotozaki, Nakagawa, Miyauchi, Iizuka, Shinada, Yamamoto, Hanawa, Araki, Hashizume, Kunitoki, Uehara, Sassa and Kawashima [40] | Extraversion | 884 young (age:-) |
R (−) (ROI) | n.s. (ROI) |
n.s. (ROI) |
n.s. (ROI) |
n.s.4 |
| Nakagawa, Takeuchi, Taki, Nouchi, Kotozaki, Shinada, Maruyama, Sekiguchi, Iizuka and Yokoyama [44] | Fatigue | 883 young (20.7 ± 1.81 years) |
R (+) (WB) |
R (+) (WB) |
R (+) (WB) |
n.s. (WB) |
n.s. (WB) |
| Takeuchi, Taki, Sekiguchi, Nouchi, Kotozaki, Nakagawa, Miyauchi, Iizuka, Yokoyama and Shinada [39]1 | Motivational State (state of Vigor) | 766 young (20.7 ± 1.8 years) |
R (−) (WB) |
R (−) (WB) |
R (−) (WB) |
R(−) (WB) |
Right Posterior insula, right superior temporal gyrus (−) (WB) |
| Takeuchi, Taki, Sekuguchi, Hashizume, Nouchi, Sassa, Kotozaki, Miyauchi, Yokoyama, Iizuka, Nakagawa, Nagase, Kunitoki and Kawashima [6]2 | Novelty seeking | 766 young (age:-) |
R (−) (WB) |
R (−) (WB) |
R (−) (WB, ROI) |
n.s. (WB) |
Right anterior and middle cingulate, right corpus callus, right insula (−) (WB) |
| Takeuchi, Taki, Sekuguchi, Hashizume, Nouchi, Sassa, Kotozaki, Miyauchi, Yokoyama, Iizuka, Nakagawa, Nagase, Kunitoki and Kawashima [6] | Harm avoidance | 766 young (age:-) |
R (+) (WB) |
R (+) (WB) |
R (+) (WB, ROI) |
R(+) (WB) |
Right insula (+), right middle cingulate cortex, right corpus callosum, right superior temporal gyrus (+) (WB) |
| Takeuchi, Taki, Sekuguchi, Hashizume, Nouchi, Sassa, Kotozaki, Miyauchi, Yokoyama, Iizuka, Nakagawa, Nagase, Kunitoki and Kawashima [6] | Persistence | 766 young (age:-) |
L (−) (WB) |
n.s. (WB) |
L (−) (WB, ROI) |
B(−) (WB) |
n.s. (WB) |
| Takeuchi, Taki, Sekuguchi, Hashizume, Nouchi, Sassa, Kotozaki, Miyauchi, Yokoyama, Iizuka, Nakagawa, Nagase, Kunitoki and Kawashima [6] | Self-directedness | 766 young (age:-) |
R (−) (WB) |
R (−) (WB) |
R (−) (WB, ROI) |
n.s. (WB) |
Right insula (−) (WB) |
| Takeuchi, Taki, Sekuguchi, Hashizume, Nouchi, Sassa, Kotozaki, Miyauchi, Yokoyama, Iizuka, Nakagawa, Nagase, Kunitoki and Kawashima [6] | Self-transcendence | 766 young (age:-) |
n.s. (WB) |
n.s. (WB) |
R (−) (ROI) |
n.s. (WB) |
n.s. (WB) |
| Laricchiuta, Petrosini, Piras, Cutuli, Macci, Picerni, Chiapponi, Caltagirone and Spalletta [12] 3 | Harm avoidance | 125 adults (34.9 ± 12.4 years) | R (+) (ROI) |
n.s. (ROI) |
n.s. (ROI) |
n.a. | n.a. |
“R,” “L,” and “B” indicate findings in the right hemisphere, left hemisphere, and bilateral hemispheres, respectively. (+) indicates positive correlation and (–) indicates negative correlation. (WB) indicates results of whole brain analyses. (ROI) indicates the results of region of interest analyses. n.s. represents “not significant”. n.a. represents ”not analyzed”.
1 There were only weak correlations of MDDS with other mood subscales of the POMS, including tension/anxiety, depression/dejection, anger/hostility, fatigue/inertia, and confusion/bewilderment.
2 Reward dependence and cooperativeness was not associated with MDDS.
3 In this study, an association between MDDS and novelty seeking was not observed.
4 In this study, only subcortical areas were analyzed.