Table 3.
Associations of MDDS (or ADC in the dopaminergic system) with psychiatric and neurological disorders.
| Study, (MD or ADC) | Groups of Interest | Control Subjects | Putamen | Caudate Nucleus | Globus Pallidus | Thalamus | Other Areas |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Péran, Cherubini, Assogna, Piras, Quattrocchi, Peppe, Celsis, Rascol, Démonet and Stefani [80], MD | 30 PD patients (61.9 ± 11.1 years) |
22 control subjects (57.4 ± 9.7 years) |
R (+) (WB) |
R (+) (WB) |
n.s. (WB,ROI) |
B,C(+) (WB, ROI) |
Left substantia nigra (+)(WB) |
| Razek, Elmongy, Hazem, Zakareyia and Gabr [81], ADC | 25 PD patients (66.33 ± 6.22 years) receiving levodopa | 25 PD patients (65.44 ± 5.22 years) without treatment |
C (+) (ROI) |
n.s. (ROI) |
n.a. | n.s. (ROI) |
n.s. (ROI) |
| Baudrexel, Seifried, Penndorf, Klein, Middendorp, Steinmetz, Grünwald and Hilker [21], MD | 11 MSA-P patients (66.1 ± 11.7 years) | 13 PD patients (66.8 ± 8.0 years) 8 PSP patients (73.9 ± 3.6 years) 6 control subjects (65.3 ± 10.8 years) |
C (+)1 (ROI) |
n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| Seppi, Schocke, Donnemiller, Esterhammer, Kremser, Scherfler, Diem, Jaschke, Wenning and Poewe [85], ADC | 15 MSA-P patients (63.9 ± 5.6 years) | 17 PD patients (60.1 ± 10.6 years) 8 control subjects (59.3 ± 5.7 years) |
C (+)1 (ROI) |
C (+)1 (ROI) |
n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| Spoletini, Cherubini, Banfi, Rubino, Peran, Caltagirone and Spalletta [87], MD | 45 patients with schizophrenia (39.8 ± 11.02 years) |
45 control subjects (39.47 ± 17.10 years) |
n.s. (ROI) |
n.s. (ROI) |
n.s. (ROI) |
B(+) (ROI) |
Bilateral hippocampus, left nucleus accumbens (+)(ROI) |
| Rose, Chalk, Janke, Strudwick, Windus, Hannah, McGrath, Pantelis, Wood and Mowry [88], MD | 12 patients with schizophrenia (31.4 ± 10.7 years) |
12 control subjects (32.2 ± 11.7 years years) |
n.s. (WB) |
B (+) (WB) |
n.s. (WB) |
B(+) (WB) |
Right parahippocampal gyrus, anterior cingulate gyrus, bilateral temporal, prefrontal, right precentral (+)(WB) |
| Makki, Behen, Bhatt, Wilson and Chugani [90], MD | 23 children with Tourette syndrome (11.75 ± 3.25 years) | 35 control children (13.10 ± 3.17 years) |
B (+) (ROI) |
n.s. (ROI) |
n.s. (ROI) |
n.s. (ROI) |
n.a. |
| Alicata, Chang, Cloak, Abe and Ernst [93]2, ADC | 30 methamphetamine users (33.3 ± 8.6 years) |
30 control subjects (32.7 ± 9.5 years) |
B (+) (ROI) |
L (+) (ROI) |
n.s. (ROI) |
n.s. (ROI) |
n.s. (ROI) |
| Lebel, Rasmussen, Wyper, Walker, Andrew, Yager and Beaulieu [16], MD | 24 children with FASD (9.1 ± 2.2 years) |
95 control children (9.8 ± 2.2 years) |
R (+) (ROI) |
n.s. (ROI) |
B (+) (ROI) |
R(+) (ROI) |
Corpus callosum, cingulum, corticospinal tracts, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and inferior and superior longitudinal fasciculi together (+)(ROI) |
| Study, (MD or ADC) | Groups of Interest | Control Subjects | Putamen | Caudate Nucleus | Globus Pallidus | Thalamus | Other Areas |
| Sánchez-Castañeda, Cherubini, Elifani, Peran, Orobello, Capelli, Sabatini and Squitieri [96], MD | 29 HD middle-aged patients (age:-) | 29 control middle-aged subjects (age:-) | C (+) (ROI) |
C (+) (ROI) |
n.s. (ROI) |
C (+) (ROI) |
Combined accumbens, combined hippocampus (+)(ROI) |
| Douaud, Behrens, Poupon, Cointepas, Jbabdi, Gaura, Golestani, Krystkowiak, Verny and Damier [97], MD | 14 HD patients (42 ± 8 years) | 10 control subjects (37 ± 12 years) |
B (+) (WB, ROI) |
B (+) (WB, ROI) |
B (+) (WB, ROI) |
B(+) (WB, ROI4) |
Bilateral ventral striatum (+)(WB, ROI) |
“R,” “L,” “B,” indicate findings in the right hemisphere, left hemisphere, and bilateral hemispheres, respectively. “C” indicates that bilateral regions of interest were combined and used in the analysis. (+) indicates the increase of MD and (–) indicates decrease of MD. (WB) indicates results of whole brain analyses. (ROI) indicates the results of ROI analyses.
PD = Parkinson’s disease. MSA-P = Parkinson variant of multiple system atrophy. PSP = Progressive supranuclear palsy. FASD = fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. HD = Huntington’s disease
1Patients of MSA-P > other groups. Striatal ADC was investigated in this study.
2Lin et al. [94] investigated MD of methamphetamine users (ROI analyses of right caudate and right putamen) with smaller sample size and could not find significant associations.
3Whole brain analysis showed significant results in the bilateral thalamus, while ROI analyses showed a significant result only in the right thalamus.