Table 2.

Current potential risk and protective factors for Chinese IBD patients.

Factors	CD		UC
	Risk	Protective	Risk	Protective
Family history			+(23)
Infectious bowel disorders			+(24)
Smoking	+(25)			±(26, 27)
Specie food			+(28)
Tap water consumption				+(28)
Heavy sugar consumption	+(21)		+(28)
Drinking tea				+(26, 27, 29)
Breastfeeding				+(26, 27)
Often feeling stress			+(28)
Crowded living conditions	+(25)
Use of toothpaste	+(25)
Daily consumption of eggs	+(25)
Frequent gastrointestinal and respiratory infection during childhood	+(25)
Bean consumption		+(30)
Regular physical activity		+(15, 31)
Inconsistent dining hours	+(15, 31)		+(15, 31)
Often eating fried food			+(15)
History of allergy			+(15)
Using antibiotics frequently before the age of 14 years			+(15)
Appendectomy	+(15)

+(reference numbers).