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. 2018 Jun 19;9:753. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00753

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Copyright © 2018 Mader, Müller, Krause, Springer, Kernig, Protzel, Porath, Rackow, Wittstock, Frank, Hakenberg, Köhling and Kirschstein.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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ZD7288 increases contractility of human bladder specimens. (A) Sample trace of an isometric force recording showing strong reaction upon 2 μM carbachol (CCh) and reproducible enhancement of both tonic and phasic contractions following 50 μM ZD7288. At the end of the experiment, the specimen was challenged again with CCh in order to demonstrate stable recording conditions. Phasic and tonic contractions are explained in the inset (enlarged from the sample trace, size 200%, indicated by the box). (B) Sample force recording showing that pre-treatment with 500 nM tetrodotoxin (TTX) did not alter ZD7288-induced contractility changes. (C) The 1st and 2nd ZD7288 application caused highly reproducible tonic contractions in human bladder specimens (r = 0.77, P < 0.001, paired t-test). (D) The increase of phasic contraction amplitudes after ZD7288 (in % CCh response) developed over a period of 15 min (P < 0.001, Wilcoxon signed rank test). (E) The increase of phasic contraction amplitudes after ZD7288 were positively correlated to patient age (r = 0.39, P < 0.05, paired t-test). (F) Tonic contractions following ZD7288 (in % CCh responses) were not altered by TTX pre-treatment.