Table 2.
Methodological and sample characteristics of the analyzed studies.
| S | Gender | AnalysisN | M*aage | T for gender | % male | SES level | Nationality | CA*b | CAmeasure | RF*b | RFmeasure | PP*b | PPmeasure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (38) | Both | 244 | 12 | T2 (baseline) | 54.5 | - | US | Emotional abuse | Quest. | Distress tolerance | Task | Anxiety symptoms | Quest. |
| (39) | Both | 1973 | 14 | T1 | 32 | High | Australia | Adverse life experiences | Quest. | Expressive Suppression Cognitive reappraisal Rumination | Quest. Quest. Quest. | Psychological distress | Quest. |
| (40) | Both | 451 | – | T1 | 47.67 | – | US | Marital distress/conflict | Quest. + task*c | Positive parenting | Quest. + task*c | Poor emotional well-being Externalizing Internalizing | Quest. Quest. Quest. |
| (41) | Both | 59 | 17 | T1 | 39 | – | US | Physical, sexual abuse | Quest. + interview | Behav. reward reactivity Emotion. reward reactivity | Task Task*e | Depressive symptoms | Interview |
| (42) | Both | 1501 | - | T1 | 49.24 | – | Palestine & Israel | Ethnic-political conflict | Quest. | Academic grades Self-esteem Positive parenting | Interview Interview Interview | PTS symptoms | Interview |
| (43) | Both | 492 | 16 | T1 | 47.5 | – | US | Parental problem drinking | Quest. | Family cohesion Adolescent-mother com. Adolescent-father com. | Quest. Quest. Quest. | Externalizing | Quest. |
| (44) | Both | 163 | 12 | T2 | 50 | – | Australia | Aggressive parenting | Task | Rumination | Quest. | Depressive symptoms | Quest. |
| (45) | Both | 652 | 19 | T2 | 32.2 | – | – | Emotional, sexual, physical abuse | Quest. | Negative cognitive style Insecure attachment | Quest. Quest. | Depression symptomsAnxiety symptoms | Quest. Quest. |
| (46) | Both | 312 | 14 | i-sample | 50 | Low | US | Community violence | Quest. | Extended family support Parental involvement | Quest. Quest. | InternalizingExternalizing | Quest. Quest. |
| (47) | Both | 6780 | - | T1 | 42.2 | – | Canada | Sexual abuse | Quest. | Maternal support | Quest. | Mental health problems | Quest. |
| (48) | Both | 1064 | - | T1 | 69 | – | US | Parental violence | Quest. | Coping expectancy Enhancement expectancy | Quest. Quest. | Peak alcohol use Heavy episodic drinking | Quest. Quest. |
| (49) | Both | 1643 | 14 | T1 (i-sample) | 49.4 | Medium | Germany | Parental mentalhealth problems | Quest. | Self-efficacy Family climate Social support | Quest. Quest. Quest. | Depressive symptoms | Quest. |
| (50) | Both | 585 | - | T1 | 52 | - | US | Physical abuse | Interview | Proactive parenting | Interview | Internalizing Externalizing | Quest. Quest. |
| (51) | Both | 400 | - | T1 | 59.25 | Low | US | Emotional, sexual, physical abuse, neglect | Objective | Ego under vs. over-control Over-control vs. resilient Under-control vs. resilient | Quest.*f Quest.*f Quest.*f | Subtance use: cannabis Subtance use: alcohol Internalizing Externalizing | Interview Interview Quest. Quest. |
| (52) | Both | 83 | 11 | T2 | 48.8 | Low | Palestine | Ethnic-political conflict | Quest. | Mental flexibility | Task | Emotional disorders*g Emotional disorders*h PTS symptoms | Quest. Quest. Interview |
| (53) | Both | 332 | - | T1 (i-sample) | 45 | - | Israel | Ethnic-political conflict (i.e., rocket attacks) | Quest. | School personnel support Friend support Immediate family support | Quest. Quest. Quest. | Violence commission Anxiety symptoms Depressive symptoms | Quest. Quest. Quest. |
| (24) | Both | 771 | - | i-sample | 41.8 | High | UK | Accumulated family adversity | Interview | Immediate family support Friendship support | Quest. Quest. | Depressive symptoms | Quest. |
| (54) | Female | 360 | 22 | T1 | 0 | Low | US | Emotional, sexual, physical abuse | Quest. | Protective self-cognitions*d | Quest. | PTS symptoms | Interview |
| (55) | Both | 189 | - | i-sample | 43.4 | Medium | US | Adverse life experiences | Quest. + interview | Parenting quality | Quest.*f | Conduct | Quest. + interview |
| (56) | Both | 1052 | 14 | i-sample | 52.6 | Medium | Spain | Emotional abuse | Quest. | Disconnection/ rejection Impaired autonomy Other-directedness | Quest. Quest. Quest. | Social anxiety symptoms Depressive symptoms | Quest. Quest. |
| (57) | Both | 2021 | 12 | T1 | 49 | - | US | Stressful family-level life events | Interview | Socialization Boldness Prosocial peers Academic engagement Parent-child relationship Antisocial peers | Quest. Quest. Quest. Quest. Quest. Quest. | Substance abuse | Interview |
| (58) | Both | 2013 | - | i-sample | 52.4 | - | Korea | Emotional, physical abuse, emotional, physical neglect | Quest. | Aggression | Quest. | Violent delinquency Non-violent delinquency | Quest. Quest. |
CA, childhood adversity; RF, resilience enhancing factor; PP, psychopathology; S, study; T, assessment time point; i-sample, investigated sample; quest, questionnaire; behav., behavioral; emotion., emotional; com., communication; PTS, posttraumatic stress;
*a
for CA assessment;
*b
information regarding the assessment instruments can be requested from the author;
*c
observer ratings on task performance;
*d
this study contained interventions, but given that we did not expect the interventions to have an effect on the RF, we included the study;
*e
subjective ratings integrated in task;
*f
questionnaires completed by counselors/ interviewers;
*g
self report;
*h
multiple reporters.