Fig. 4.

Cytokine induction by compounds in primary PBMC cultures. Primary human PBMCs were exposed to the indicated compound for 18 h and then cytokine concentrations in the culture supernatant were measured using a multiplex bead assay. Results for tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP1-alpha) are shown. Compound concentrations were based on a “low concentration” of prostratin (1 μM) or bryostatin 1 (10 nM) that induces latent HIV expression in approximately 20% J-Lat 10.6 cells. A low concentration of 10 nM was also used for the bryologs. The “High concentration” corresponds to 10 μM prostratin and 100 nM of bryostatin 1 or the bryologs. Broken lines in IL-2 charts indicate the lower level of detection for the assay. Results from two primary cell donors (2–3 individual stimulations for each donor) are presented. Red * indicates p < 0.05 compared with prostratin using a 2-sided t-test. Green * indicates p < 0.05 compared with unstimulated control using a 2-sided t-test.