Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics in CAP patients with and without GNB, SISEA study, 2007–2010, Cambodia
| GNBa | Non-GNBb | p-Value | ORc | 95% CI | Missing information, n | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants | 97 | 1326 | ||||
| Age (y), median (IQR) | 50 (42–61) | 55 (42–66) | 0.15 | 1.0 | 1.0 to 1.0 | |
| Male, n (%) | 45 (46.4) | 689 (52.0) | 0.29 | 1.2 | 0.8 to 1.9 | |
| Smoker, n (%) | 17 (17.5) | 302 (22.8) | 0.23 | 0.7 | 0.4 to 1.2 | |
| Alcohol, n (%) | 13 (13.4) | 237 (17.9) | 0.26 | 0.7 | 0.4 to 1.3 | |
| Previous antibiotics, n (%) | 14 (14.4) | 118 (8.9) | 0.07 | 1.7 | 0.9 to 3.1 | |
| Previous treatment, n (%) | 54 (55.7) | 681 (51.4) | 0.41 | 1.2 | 0.8 to 1.8 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| At least 1 comorbidity, n (%) | 17 (17.5) | 226 (17.0) | 0.90 | 1.0 | 0.6 to 1.8 | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 8 (8.3) | 43 (3.2) | 0.01 | 2.7 | 1.2 to 5.9 | |
| Renal disease, n (%) | 1 (1.0) | 10 (0.75) | 0.76 | 1.4 | 0.2 to 10.8 | |
| Cardiac disease, n (%) | 6 (6.2) | 138 (10.4) | 0.18 | 0.6 | 0.2 to 1.3 | |
| Liver disease, n (%) | 0 | 15 (1.1) | 0.62 | n.a. | n.a. | |
| Malignancy, n (%) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (0.08) | 0.13 | 13.8 | 0.9 to 222.3 | |
| Pulmonary disease, n (%)d | 11 (11.3) | 192 (14.5) | 0.39 | 0.8 | 0.4 to 1.4 | |
| HIV, n (%) | 1 (1.0) | 20 (1.5) | 0.71 | 0.7 | 0.1 to 5.1 | —e |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| CRB-65 score, n (%) | 0.93 | |||||
| 0 | 42 (43.3) | 592 (44.7) | 1 | Ref. | ||
| 1–2 | 54 (55.7) | 716 (54.0) | 1.0 | 0.7 to 1.6 | ||
| 3–4 | 1 (1.0) | 18 (1.4) | 0.8 | 0.1 to 6.0 | ||
| Severe CAP, n (%) | 14 (14.4) | 101 (7.6) | 0.02 | 2.0 | 1.1 to 3.7 | |
| Dyspnea, n (%) | 75 (77.3) | 900 (67.9) | 0.05 | 1.6 | 1.0 to 2.6 | |
| Hypoxemia, n (%) | 11 (11.3) | 83 (6.3) | 0.05 | 1.9 | 1.0 to 3.7 | |
| Productive cough, n (%) | 77 (79.4) | 948 (71.5) | 0.10 | 1.5 | 0.9 to 2.5 | |
| Haemoptysis, n (%) | 12 (13.5) | 104 (8.2) | 0.09 | 1.7 | 0.9 to 3.3 | |
| Headache, n (%) | 21 (21.7) | 169 (12.9) | 0.01 | 1.9 | 1.2 to 3.2 | |
| Fever on admission, n (%) | 42 (43.3) | 459 (34.6) | 0.08 | 1.4 | 0.9 to 2.2 | |
| Lab results | ||||||
| Leucocyte count, ×109/l, median (IQR) | 10.2 (6.4–13.8) | 8.4 (6.2–11.2) | <0.01 | 1.1 | 1.0 to 1.1 | 4 |
| Leucocyte count >15×109/l, n (%) | 21 (21.7) | 141 (10.7) | <0.01 | 2.3 | 1.4 to 3.9 | 4 |
| AST, median U/l (IQR) | 26 (23–41) | 31 (24–42) | 0.15 | 1.0 | 1.0 to 1.0 | 81 |
| ALT, median U/l (IQR) | 28 (21–41) | 28 (21–36) | 0.48 | 1.0 | 1.0 to 1.0 | 85 |
| Creatinine μmol/l (IQR) | 89 (73–112) | 89 (77–110) | 0.39 | 1.0 | 1.0 to 1.0 | 95 |
| Radiology | ||||||
| Consolidation, n (%) | 20 (20.6) | 200 (15.1) | 0.15 | 1.5 | 0.9 to 2.4 | |
| Interstitial infiltrates, n (%) | 8 (8.3) | 203 (15.3) | 0.06 | 1.4 | 0.9 to 2.1 | |
| Alveolar infiltrates, n (%) | 65 (67.0) | 792 (59.7) | 0.16 | 0.5 | 0.2 to 1.0 | |
| Cavitation, n (%) | 30 (31.3) | 402 (30.4) | 0.87 | 1.0 | 0.7 to 1.6 | |
| Pleural effusion, n (%) | 23 (23.7) | 389 (29.3) | 0.24 | 0.7 | 0.5 to 1.2 | |
| Outcome | ||||||
| Death, n (%) | 10 (10.3) | 45 (3.4) | <0.01 | 3.2 | 1.6 to 6.7 | |
| Time to death (y), median (IQR) | 2 (0–2) | 3 (1–5) | 0.01 | |||
| Correct antibiotic, n (%)f | 12 (19.1) | 70 (81.4) | <0.01 | —f | ||
CRB-65: confusion, respiratory rate, blood pressure, 65 years of age and older; n.a.: not available; Ref.: reference.
aNon-haemophilus Gram-negative bacilli (Enterobactreiaceae, non-fermenters, Acinetobacter spp., B. pseudomallei).
bCAP from all other causes, including CAP of unknown aetiology.
cEstimated by logistic regression.
dDefined as chronic bronchitis or asthma, emphysema, bronchiectasis or other infectious sequelae on chest X-ray.
eHIV testing followed provider-initiated testing according to national Cambodian guidelines. In this cohort, 60% of the participants were tested for HIV on admission.
fCalculated in those whose bacteriology could be assigned with available data on antibiotic treatment and antibiotic susceptibility testing (n=149).