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. 2018 Jun 26;8:9706. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28010-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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A schematic diagram of proposed mechanisms by which sodium orthovanadate displays its ability to enhance the effects of sorafenib against sorafenib-resistant HCC cells. Abbreviations: ARNT, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator; CDK1, cyclin-dependent kinase 1; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; HIF-2α, hypoxia-inducible factor-2α; GLUT1, glucose transporter 1; HREs, hypoxia-response elements; LDHA, lactate dehydrogenase-A; PARP, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.