Table 2.
Fixed-Effects Model: Effects of Downturns in the Preretirement Years on Age-Related Changes in Cognitive Functioning at ≥65 Years of Age, United States, 1992–2010
| Cognitive functioning score | ||
|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Coeff. | 95% CI |
| Downturns (ages 55–64): 0–1 years (ref.) | ||
| Downturns: 2 years × age | −0.01 | −0.02, 0.01 |
| Downturns: 3 years × age | 0.00 | −0.01, 0.02 |
| Downturns: 4 years × age | 0.01 | −0.01, 0.03 |
| Downturns: 5 or more years × age | 0.01 | −0.01, 0.03 |
| Age (over 65) | −0.15 | −0.19, −0.12 |
| Married (ref.) | ||
| Separated/Divorced | −0.12 | −0.28, 0.03 |
| Widowed | −0.03 | −0.11, 0.05 |
| Never Married | −0.33 | −0.66, 0.00 |
| RMSE | 1.26 | |
| N | 56,997 | |
| Individuals | 13,577 | |
Note. Coeff. = unstandardized regression coefficient; N = number of observations; RMSE = root-mean-square deviation; 95% CI = confidence interval. The table shows the results of a fixed-effects model (see Equation 2). The term downturns × age refers to the effect of age-related cognitive decline at ≥65 years (see term Ageit × Downturnsi in Equation 2). Baseline category is 0–1 years of downturn. Standard errors clustered at state-level.