Table 3.
Multivariable-adjusted associations of eGFR with the biomarkers measured at baseline
| Biomarker (baseline) | eGFR at baseline (n = 1338), estimate (95% CI) | eGFR at follow-up (n = 500), estimate (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Adhesion molecules | ||
| VCAM-1 (ng/mL) | –2.99 (–4.49 to –1.50)§ | –2.76 (–5.30 to –0.22)* |
| ICAM-1 (ng/mL) | –1.05 (–2.68 – 0.57) | –0.38 (–2.92 – 2.15) |
| E-selectin (ng/mL) | 1.43 (0.27–2.59)* | 0.44 (–1.26 – 2.14) |
| P-selectin (ng/mL) | –1.25 (–2.65 – 0.15) | –1.40 (–3.66 – 0.86) |
| MCP-1 (pg/mL) | –1.19 (–1.95 to –0.42)† | –2.90 (–4.28 to –1.52)§ |
| Inflammation markers | ||
| CRP (ng/mL) | –0.45 (–1.01 – 0.10) | –0.63 (–1.61 – 0.35) |
| NGAL (ng/mL) | –1.19 (–1.93 to –0.45)† | –1.28 (–2.51 to –0.06)* |
| TNF-R1 (ng/mL) | –2.78 (–3.79 – 1.77)§ | –5.34 (–7.52 to –3.16)§ |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | –2.28 (–3.35 – 1.20)§ | –6.99 (–9.26 to –4.72)§ |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | –0.94 (–1.57 to –0.30)† | –1.31 (–2.39 to –0.22)* |
| IL-8 (pg/mL) | –0.31 (–1.06 – 0.44) | –1.62 (–2.88 to –0.35)* |
| VEGF (pg/mL) | –0.63 (–1.24 to –0.01) | –0.84 (–1.93 – 0.25) |
eGFR calculated according to the CKD-EPI formula [22]; Estimates, given with 95% CI, express the difference in eGFR associated with a doubling of the marker. The analyses were adjusted for baseline covariables, including mean arterial pressure, waist:hip ratio, smoking, plasma glucose, γ-glutamyltransferase, total:HDL cholesterol ratio, 24-h microalbuminuria and use of diuretics, inhibitors of the renin–angiotensin system (β-blockers, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers), vasodilators (calcium channel blockers and α-blockers). Models with eGFR at follow-up as a dependent variable were additionally adjusted for follow-up duration. Significance of the associations: *P ≤ 0.05, †P ≤ 0.01, ‡P ≤ 0.001, §P ≤ 0.0001.