Table 3.
Target Word-Level Eye Movement Measures
| Young adults | Older adults | AE | FE | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Low | High | Low | |||
| Word skipping (%) | 13.9 (2.7) | 10.1 (1.6) | 6.5 (1.4) | 4.5 (1.1) | −6.5 | −2.9 |
| First fixation duration (ms) | 240 (7) | 255 (8) | 278 (8) | 294 (9) | 38 | 15 |
| Gaze duration (ms) | 297 (12) | 329 (15) | 385 (17) | 451 (21) | 105 | 49 |
| Total reading time (ms) | 453 (25) | 524 (29) | 554 (24) | 721 (42) | 149 | 118 |
| Regressions-in probability (%) | 26.1 (2.4) | 28.3 (2.8) | 25.4 (2.1) | 31.7 (2.2) | 1.3 | 4.2 |
| Refixation probability (%) | 22.2 (2.6) | 26.9 (2.7) | 34.7 (3.3) | 42.1 (3.0) | 13.9 | 6.1 |
| Landing position (% into word) | 44.4 (1.2) | 43.9 (1.4) | 38.4 (1.4) | 36.9 (1.1) | −6.5 | 1.0 |
| Launch site (characters) | 1.3 (0.1) | 1.2 (0.1) | 1.0 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | −0.3 | −0.1 |
Notes. AE = age effect (mean of the older adults minus the mean of the young adults). FE = frequency effect (mean of the low frequency items minus the mean of the high frequency items). Standard errors are shown in parentheses. Word skipping is the probability of a word not receiving a fixation during first pass. First fixation duration is the duration of the first first-pass fixation on a word. Gaze duration is the sum of all first-pass fixations on a word, and refixation probability is the probability of fixating a word more than once during first-pass reading. Total reading time is the sum of all fixations on a word. Regressions-in is the probability of a backward movement to reinspect a word. Initial landing position refers to the location of the first first-pass fixation on a word, reported as the percentage distance in from the left boundary of the target word. Launch site is the distance from the right boundary of the target word of the fixation prior to the first fixation on the target word.