. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jun 26.

Published in final edited form as: Expert Rev Vaccines. 2015 Nov 23;15(1):81–90. doi: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1105135

Table 3.

List of Adjuvants

Adjuvant	Class	Mechanism of action	Type of immune response

Aluminum mineral salts	Particulate formulation antigen depot	NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NALP3), immunereceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), antigen delivery, Interleukin-1 secretion, Inflammasome, necrosis	Antibody, T helper 2

Lipid A analogues (for example, Monophosphoryl Lipid A (MPL,) Glucopyranosyl Lipid A (GLA))	Immunomodulatory molecule	Toll-like receptor 4	Antibody, T helper 1

Imidazoquinolines (for example Imiquimod, R848)	Immunomodulatory molecule	Toll-like receptor 7	Antibody, T helper 1
Imidazoquinolines (for example Imiquimod, R848)	Immunomodulatory molecule	Toll-like receptor 8	Antibody, T helper 1

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN)	Immunomodulatory molecule	Toll-like receptor 9	Antibody, T helper 1, T helper 2, CD8+ T cells

Saponins (for example, QS21)	Immunomodulatory molecule	Unknown

Virosomes	Particulate formulation	Antigen delivery	Antibody, T helper 1, T helper 2

GLA-SE (GLA, stable emulsion)	Combination	Toll-like receptor 4	Antibody, T helper 1