Table 2.
Coefficient and standard error of the final SEM model of risk factors for diabetes in the STEPwise approach to surveillance 2015 survey—Punjab, India among adults aged 18–69 years
| Variables | Coefficient | Standard error | p value | 95% CI lower upper | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct effects | |||||
| Fasting blood glucose | |||||
| Waist circumference | 0.177 | 0.051 | 0.001 | 0.076 | 0.278 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 0.107 | 0.035 | 0.003 | 0.038 | 0.177 |
| Triglyceride | 0.046 | 0.008 | < 0.001 | 0.030 | 0.062 |
| Alcohol use | 0 | (No path) | |||
| Weekly fruit intake | 0 | (No path) | |||
| Age | 0.464 | 0.056 | < 0.001 | 0.353 | 0.574 |
| Urban residence | 3.124 | 1.337 | 0.020 | 0.502 | 5.746 |
| Family h/o diabetes | 4.473 | 1.593 | 0.005 | 1.350 | 7.597 |
| Waist circumference | |||||
| Alcohol use | 1.521 | 0.605 | 0.05 | 0.305 | 2.764 |
| Weekly fruit intake | −0.044 | 0.018 | 0.01 | − 0.079 | − 0.009 |
| Age | 0.441 | 0.020 | < 0.001 | 0.401 | 0.481 |
| Family h/o diabetes | 4.104 | 0.655 | < 0.001 | 2.819 | 5.389 |
| Triglycerides | |||||
| Age | 0.264 | 0.127 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.513 |
| Systolic blood pressure | |||||
| Waist circumference | 0.266 | 0.028 | < 0.001 | 0.210 | 0.321 |
| Alcohol use | 10.402 | 1.100 | < 0.001 | 8.245 | 12.559 |
| Weekly fruit intake | 0 | (No path) | |||
| Age | 0.491 | 0.030 | < 0.001 | 0.431 | 0.551 |
| Family h/o diabetes | 0 | (No path) | |||
| Indirect effects | |||||
| Fasting blood glucose | |||||
| Waist circumference | 0.028 | 0.003 | < 0.001 | 0.022 | 0.034 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 0 | (No path) | |||
| Triglyceride | 0 | (No path) | |||
| Alcohol use | 1.430 | 0.428 | 0.001 | 0.591 | 2.268 |
| Weekly fruit intake | −0.009 | 0.004 | 0.034 | −0.017 | −0.001 |
| Age | 0.156 | 0.029 | < 0.001 | 0.098 | 0.213 |
| Urban residence | 0 | (No path) | |||
| Family h/o diabetes | 0.844 | 0.247 | 0.001 | 0.359 | 1.329 |
| Waist circumference | |||||
| Alcohol use | 0 | (No path) | |||
| Weekly fruit intake | 0 | (No path) | |||
| Age | 0 | (No path) | |||
| Family h/o diabetes | 0 | (No path) | |||
| Triglycerides | |||||
| Age | 0 | (No path) | |||
| Systolic blood pressure | |||||
| Waist circumference | 0 | (No path) | |||
| Alcohol use | 0.404 | 0.216 | 0.061 | − 0.018 | 0.827 |
| Weekly fruit intake | − 0.012 | 0.005 | 0.016 | − 0.021 | − 0.002 |
| Age | 0.117 | 0.014 | < 0.001 | 0.090 | 0.144 |
| Family h/o diabetes | 1.09 | 0.210 | < 0.001 | 0.679 | 1.501 |
| Total effects | |||||
| Fasting blood glucose | |||||
| Waist circumference | 0.206 | 0.051 | < 0.001 | 0.105 | 0.306 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 0.107 | 0.035 | 0.003 | 0.038 | 0.177 |
| Triglyceride | 0.046 | 0.008 | < 0.001 | 0.030 | 0.062 |
| Alcohol use | 1.430 | 0.428 | 0.001 | 0.591 | 2.268 |
| Weekly fruit intake | − 0.009 | 0.004 | 0.034 | − 0.017 | − 0.001 |
| Age | 0.619 | 0.049 | < 0.001 | 0.522 | 0.716 |
| Urban residence | 3.124 | 1.338 | 0.02 | 0.502 | 5.746 |
| Family h/o diabetes | 5.317 | 1.586 | 0.001 | 2.208 | 8.427 |
| Waist circumference | |||||
| Alcohol use | 1.521 | 0.655 | 0.05 | 0.234 | 2.915 |
| Weekly fruit intake | − 0.044 | 0.018 | 0.013 | − 0.079 | − 0.009 |
| Age | 0.441 | 0.020 | < 0.001 | 0.401 | 0.481 |
| Family h/o diabetes | 4.104 | 0.656 | < 0.001 | 2.819 | 5.389 |
| Triglycerides | |||||
| Age | 0.264 | 0.127 | 0.038 | 0.015 | 0.513 |
| Systolic blood pressure | |||||
| Waist circumference | 0.266 | 0.028 | < 0.001 | 0.210 | 0.321 |
| Alcohol use | 10.806 | 1.120 | < 0.001 | 8.611 | 13.001 |
| Weekly fruit intake | − 0.012 | 0.005 | 0.016 | − 0.021 | − 0.002 |
| Age | 0.608 | 0.028 | < 0.001 | 0.552 | 0.664 |
| Family h/o diabetes | 1.090 | 0.210 | < 0.001 | 0.679 | 1.501 |
SEM structural equation modeling, SEM model endogenous variables are waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride, fasting blood glucose; exogenous variables are alcohol use, weekly fruit intake, place of residence, age, family history, education and occupation, CI confidence interval