Table 1.
General characteristics of participants
| Variables | IS | IR | T2DM | P value | IS+IR | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 18) | (N = 35) | (N = 11) | ANOVA | IS vs IR | IS vs T2DM | IR vs T2DM | (N = 46) | IS+IR vs T2DM | |
| Age (years) | 32.09 (9.7) | 30.26 (9.3) | 43.57 (9.4) | 0.000 | 0.739 | 0.017 | 0.003 | 30.9 (9.4) | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg m−2) | 41.44 (7.0) | 43.31 (6.9) | 45.53 (9.6) | 0.38 | 0.583 | 0.394 | 0.731 | 42.7 (6.9) | 0.322 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 119.0 (13.8) | 122.67 (15.7) | 132.14 (11.6) | 0.13 | 0.616 | 0.111 | 0.268 | 121.5 (15.1) | 0.075 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 66.1 (9.8) | 69.98 (12.7) | 73.33 (7.0) | 0.3 | 0.422 | 0.369 | 0.783 | 68.7 (11.9) | 0.35 |
| MAP | 83.4 (8.1) | 88.08 (12.4) | 93.53 (8.9) | 0.11 | 0.288 | 0.130 | 0.499 | 86.6 (11.3) | 0.15 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.4 (0.9) | 4.6 (1.2) | 5.22 (0.9) | 0.24 | 0.785 | 0.215 | 0.364 | 4.5 (1.1) | 0.122 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.73 (0.8) | 2.91 (0.9) | 3.1 (1.0) | 0.55 | 0.693 | 0.593 | 0.855 | 2.8 (0.8) | 0.466 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.33 (0.4) | 1.46 (0.9) | 1.29 (0.3) | 0.74 | 0.793 | 0.990 | 0.844 | 1.4 (0.8) | 0.678 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.13 (0.6) | 1.27 (0.7) | 1.91 (1.1) | 0.04 | 0.729 | 0.031 | 0.072 | 1.2 (0.6) | 0.015 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 64.36 (25.5) | 60.7 (21.9) | 39.16 (31.5) | 0.06 | 0.854 | 0.055 | 0.091 | 62.1 (23.1) | 0.021 |
| Adiponetin (ng/mL) | 3.24 (2.2) | 3.62 (1.9) | 3.47 (2.4) | 0.88 | 0.866 | 0.982 | 0.992 | 3.5 (1.9) | 0.979 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 3.28 (1.8) | 3.72 (1.8) | 4.03 (2.2) | 0.58 | 0.683 | 0.627 | 0.913 | 3.6 (1.8) | 0.521 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 5.73 (2.5) | 12.76 (8.4) | 12.84 (6.5) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.072 | 1.000 | 10.3 (7.7) | 0.439 |
| Insulin (mIU/L) | 6.33 (1.9) | 12.6 (10.0) | 11.92 (6.4) | 0.01 | 0.010 | 0.241 | 0.976 | 10.3 (8.6) | 0.633 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.56 (0.6) | 4.86 (2.0) | 6.6 (3.2) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.080 | 3.7 (2.3) | 0.005 |
BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, MAP mean arterial blood pressure, LDL low density lipoprotein, HDL high density lipoprotein, IL-6 interleukin 6, FPG fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. Data are presented as mean (SD). Differences between IS, IR and T2DM were tested by ANOVA. Differences between (IS+IR vs T2DM) were tested by the independent-sample t test or Mann–Whitney U test. A p value significance level of 0.05 was used