Integrated electrodes for measuring TEER in a BBB-Chip. (A) Exploded view of the device with top channel (TC), membrane (M), bottom channel (BC), and platinum wire electrodes (E1, E2, E3, E4). (B) Assembled device. (C) Schematic top view of the device. (D) Cross section schematic of the device showing endothelial cells (EC) cultured on membrane M in the TC. (E) Simplified equivalent circuit of the device, showing electrodes E1-E4, resistors representing the TC (R1 and R3), resistors representing the BC (R2 and R4), and resistor Rm representing the membrane and EC barrier. [Reproduced with permission from van der Helm et al., Biosens. Bioelectron. 85, 924 (2016). Copyright 2016 Elsevier.]