Table 1.
Sample exposure characteristics
| Sample characteristics | Calculated distance between dwelling and nearest wind turbine (km) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤ 0.550 | (0.550, 1] | (1, 2] | (2, 5] | > 5 | Chi-squarea p value | |
| ON | ||||||
| dBA mean [min, max] | 41.13 [37.40, 44.60] | 38.43 [31.80, 43.60] | 33.21 [26.30, 40.40] | 27.36 [22.60, 30.90] | 8.69 [0.00, 18.20] | |
| dBC mean [min, max] | 58.35 [55.00, 63.00] | 56.49 [52.00, 61.00] | 53.58 [47.00, 58.00] | 50.21 [47.00, 54.00] | 32.41 [0.00, 45.00] | |
| SFm mean [min, max] | 33.76 [0.00, 79.00] | 15.73 [0.00, 68.00] | 5.78 [0.00, 23.00] | 0.00 [0.00, 0.00] | 0.00 [0.00, 0.00] | |
| Response rate n (%) | 34 (72.3) | 488 (80.1) | 396 (78.7) | 42 (82.4) | 51 (77.3) | 0.7009 |
| Personal benefitsb n (%) | 15 (44.1) | 55 (11.5) | 16 (4.3) | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | < 0.0001 |
| Visiblec n (%) | 34 (100.0) | 474 (97.1) | 348 (88.3) | 32 (78.0) | 6 (11.8) | < 0.0001 |
| Audibled n (%) | 26 (76.5) | 325 (66.6) | 111 (28.0) | 5 (11.9) | 1 (2.0) | < 0.0001 |
| PEI | ||||||
| dBA mean [min, max] | 42.87 [39.40, 46.10] | 38.95 [34.30, 43.20] | 32.47 [29.10, 37.20] | 22.26 [14.60, 29.90] | 11.10 [0.00, 18.20] | |
| dBC mean [min, max] | 60.92 [58.00, 63.00] | 58.20 [55.00, 62.00] | 53.19 [51.00, 57.00] | 45.44 [36.00, 54.00] | 32.08 [0.00, 43.00] | |
| SFm mean [min, max] | 40.11 [0.00, 78.00] | 18.08 [0.00, 47.00] | 1.69 [0.00, 20.00] | 0.00 [0.00, 0.00] | 0.00 [0.00, 0.00] | |
| Response rate n (%) | 37 (77.1) | 95 (79.2) | 67 (75.3) | 16 (64.0) | 12 (100.0) | 0.1666 |
| Personal benefitsb n (%) | 8 (21.6) | 6 (6.4) | 5 (8.5) | 3 (23.1) | 1 (10.0) | 0.0651 |
| Visiblec n (%) | 34 (94.4) | 94 (98.9) | 59 (88.1) | 2 (12.5) | 2 (16.7) | < 0.0001 |
| Audibled n (%) | 30 (83.3) | 73 (76.8) | 15 (22.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | < 0.0001 |
dBA calculated outdoor A-weighted wind turbine noise levels, dBC calculated outdoor C-weighted wind turbine noise levels, SFm calculated maximum shadow flicker at dwellings (min/day)
aChi square test of independence, testing the independence between the sample characteristic and distance groups
bParticipants reported to receive personal benefit through rent, payments, or other indirect benefits such as a hall or community centre for having wind turbines in their area
cParticipants reported that wind turbines were visible from anywhere on their property when at home
dParticipants reported that wind turbines were audible when inside or outside their home