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. 2018 Jun 20;9:838. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00838

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Copyright © 2018 Vishal and Kumar.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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ABA and GA metabolism and signaling/ABA is synthesized from carotenoids in a series of reactions in the plastids and cytoplasm (top left). ABA is catabolized to form phaseic acid. ABA transport occurs through different transporters, and ABA elicits distinct signaling cascades (in the nucleus and cytoplasm) (bottom left). GA biosynthesis starts from GGDP in the plastid and a portion of it is catabolized to inactive forms (top right). In the GA signaling pathway, GA causes destruction of DELLAs (negative regulator of GA) via the 26S proteasome machinery. The two signaling pathways crosstalk to regulate seed germination and abiotic stresses (bottom right).