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. 2018 Jun 20;9:1010. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01010

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Copyright © 2018 Tomasiunaite, Widmann and Thum.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Pairing optogenetic Or47a activation with electric shock leads to the formation of odor-electric shock learning and memory in Drosophila larvae tested at lower amyl acetate dilutions. (A) Timescale of associative conditioning using 10 cycles, 120 V for electric shocks and continuous blue light with an intensity of 100%. For the olfactory preference test amyl acetate with different dilutions (1:100, 1:250, 1:500, 1:600, and 1:750) was used. (B) The expression of ChR2-XXL in ORN 47a led to a reduction of olfactory preference for amyl acetate at a dilution of 1:100 (Tukey post hoc test, p < 0.0001, p = 0.0003, respectively). All three groups showed (an olfactory preference for amyl acetate statistically significant from zero (one sample t-test, p < 0.0001 for all three groups). (C) The expression of ChR2-XXL in ORN 47a led to a reduction of olfactory preference for amyl acetate at a dilution of 1:250 (Dunn’s multiple pairwise comparison, p = 0.0.0035, p = 0.0307, respectively). All three groups showed olfactory preferences for amyl acetate statistically significant from zero (one sample t-test, p < 0.0001 for all three groups). (D) The expression of ChR2-XXL in ORN 47a led to a reduction of olfactory preference for amyl acetate at a dilution of 1:500 (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.0001). However, both control groups (Or47-Gal4/+ and UAS-ChR2-XXL/+) exhibited olfactory preferences, which are statistically significant form each other (Tukey post hoc test, p = 0.0001). All three groups showed an olfactory preference for amyl acetate statistically significant from zero (one sample t-test, p < 0.0001 for all three groups). (E) All three groups showed olfactory preferences for amyl acetate at a dilution of 1:600, which are statistically significant from zero (one sample t-test, p < 0.0001 for all three groups) but statistically not significant from each other (one-way ANOVA, p = 0.057). (F) All three groups showed olfactory preferences for amyl acetate at a dilution of 1:750, which are statistically significant from zero (one sample t-test, p = 0.0002, p < 0.0001, p = 0.0002, respectively) but statistically not significant from each other (one-way ANOVA, p = 0.0746). Differences between groups are depicted below the respective box plots, at which ns indicates p ≥ 0.05. Different lowercase letters indicate statistical significant differences at level p < 0.05. Small circles indicate outliers. Sample size is indicated with the letter n.