Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; DVL, detectable viral load, HIV+, HIV-positive; HIV-, HIV-negative; HH, household; ME, marginal effect. Notes: Marginal effects, in percentage points, with 95% confidence intervals around them, were calculated after fitting GEE regression models for working age adults (18–65 years old), with binomial distribution, logistic link, and exchangeable correlation at the household level. Reference group were HIV-negative participants in households that did not have any HIV-positive adults. Models controlled for education level, age, age-squared, gender, marital status, wealth index, number of children in household, number of household members, and community indicators.