Table 4. Illness and health seeking behaviors of HIV-positive working-age adults compared to HIV-negative adults living in households with no infected household members.
| Experienced illness last month |
Lost time from usual activities due to illness last month a | Sought or received care last month |
Spent money on healthcare last month |
Hospitalized last year b |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ME | [95%CI] | ME | [95%CI] | ME | [95%CI] | ME | [95%CI] | ME | [95%CI] | |
| HIV-, no HIV+ household member | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
| HIV+, CD4 >500 | 3.22* | [0.42, 6.03] | 3.24** | [0.81, 5.67] | 4.21*** | [1.75, 6.66] | 3.68** | [1.21, 6.15] | 2.04* | [0.48, 3.60] |
| HIV+, CD4 351–500 | 8.72*** | [5.05, 12.39] | 6.20*** | [2.98, 9.42] | 8.46*** | [5.15, 11.76] | 8.57*** | [5.23, 11.91] | 3.95*** | [1.72, 6.17] |
| HIV+, CD4 ≤350 | 9.80*** | [6.15, 13.46] | 7.42*** | [4.19, 10.66] | 9.63*** | [6.31, 12.94] | 7.93*** | [4.65, 11.22] | 6.75*** | [4.27, 9.22] |
| Not on ART | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
| On ART | 1.68 | [-1.27, 4.63] | 1.58 | [-0.97, 4.12] | 2.99* | [0.40, 5.59] | 2.04 | [-0.55, 4.62] | 1.22 | [-0.43, 2.86] |
| Mean outcome for reference group | 28.2 | 17.1 | 16.7 | 17.3 | 5.6 | |||||
| No. observations | 9,182 | 9,182 | 9,182 | 9,182 | 9,182 | |||||
| P-values for post-estimation Wald tests | ||||||||||
| HIV+, CD4 >500 = HIV+, CD4 351–500 | 0.003 | 0.072 | 0.011 | 0.004 | 0.094 | |||||
| HIV+, CD4 >500 = HIV+, CD4 ≤350 | <0.001 | 0.011 | 0.001 | 0.011 | <0.001 | |||||
Abbreviations: ME, marginal effect; CI, confidence interval; HIV+, HIV-positive; HIV-, HIV-negative; ART, antiretroviral therapy
Notes: GEE regression models for working age adults (18–65 years old), with binomial distribution, logistic link, and exchangeable correlation at the household level. Marginal effects are reported in percent changes. Reference group are HIV-negative participants who do not reside with HIV-positive household members. Models controlled for education level, age, age-squared, gender, marital status, wealth index, number of children in household, number of household members, and community indicators. P-value notation
*** p<0.001
** p<0.01
* p<0.05
a Usual activities include paid and unpaid work such as household chores.
b Hospitalizations captured using one year recall period.