Table 5. Illness and health seeking behaviors of HIV-negative working-age adults who have HIV-positive household members compared to HIV-negative adults living in households with no infected household members.
| Lost time from usual activities due to illness last month a | Sought or received care last month |
Spent money on healthcare last month |
Hospitalized last year b |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ME | [95%CI] | ME | [95%CI] | ME | [95%CI] | ME | [95%CI] | |
| HIV-, no HIV+ household member | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| HIV-, lives with HIV+ CD4 >500 | -1.74 | [-4.58, 1.09] | -0.85 | [-3.68, 1.98] | -1.18 | [-4.08, 1.72] | -0.14 | [-1.85, 1.58] |
| HIV-, lives with HIV+ CD4 351–500 | -4.53** | [-7.82, -1.23] | -3.31 | [-6.66, 0.03] | -3.85* | [-7.25, -0.45] | -0.36 | [-2.54, 1.82] |
| HIV-, lives with HIV+ CD4 ≤350 | -3.30 | [-6.74, 0.13] | -0.88 | [-4.46, 2.71] | -1.86 | [-5.45, 1.74] | -0.53 | [-2.63, 1.57] |
| No household member on ART | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| All HIV+ household members on ART | 3.15 | [-0.70, 7.01] | 1.74 | [-1.89, 5.37] | 2.42 | [-1.36, 6.20] | -0.29 | [-2.30, 1.72] |
| Some HIV+ household members on ART | -1.01 | [-10.08, 8.07] | -2.42 | [-10.89, 6.05] | -3.01 | [-11.43, 5.40] | -2.95 | [-6.39, 0.48] |
| Mean outcome for reference group | 17.1 | 16.7 | 17.3 | 5.6 | ||||
| No. observations | 7,874 | 7,874 | 7,874 | 7,874 | ||||
| P-values for post-estimation Wald tests | ||||||||
| HIV-, CD4 >500 = HIV-, CD4 351–500 | 0.129 | 0.191 | 0.161 | 0.856 | ||||
| HIV-, CD4 >500 = HIV-, CD4 ≤350 | 0.394 | 0.991 | 0.725 | 0.732 | ||||
Abbreviations: ME, marginal effect; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval, HIV+, HIV-positive; HIV-, HIV-negative; ART, antiretroviral therapy.
Notes: GEE regression models for working age adults (18–65 years old), with binomial distribution, logistic link, and exchangeable correlation at the household level. Marginal effects are reported in as percentage point changes. Reference group are HIV-negative participants who do not reside with HIV-positive household members. Models controlled for education level, age, age-squared, gender, marital status, wealth index, number of children in household, number of household members, and community indicators. P-value notation
*** p<0.001
** p<0.01
* p<0.05
a Usual activities include paid and unpaid work such as household chores.
b Hospitalizations captured using one year recall period.