Table 1.

The presence of IL-32 in blood/tissue fluid of patients with inflammatory diseases

Disease	Assay	IL-32 level in blood/tissue fluid (pg/ml)	Comments
COPD/Asthma	ELISA (BioLegend, USA)	Serum: healthy controls, 4.6 ± 1.0; COPD, 26.8 ± 2.6; asthma, 6.1 ± 1.2. Broncho-alveolar lavage: healthy controls, 4.2 ± 1.1; COPD, 22.5 ± 2.5; asthma, 6.3 ± 1.1. Induced sputum: healthy controls, 3.6 ± 0.7; COPD, 19.7 ± 1.7; asthma, 5.8 ± 1.2.	Patients with COPD had increased levels of IL-32 when compared to asthma patients and healthy controls [62].
SLE	ELISA (R&D Systems, USA)	Plasma: healthy controls, 94.4 (40.2–233.7); SLE, 34.7 (15.5–140.5).	SLE patients had lower levels of IL-32 than healthy controls [63]. This decreased level may be associated with drug treatment and the chemotherapy-related bone marrow cytotoxicity.
HF	ELISA (Hermes Criterion Biotechnology, Canada)	Serum: healthy controls, 111 ± 59; HF, 237 ± 92.	Patients with HF had higher levels of IL-32 than healthy controls [64].
BD	ELISA (R&D Systems, USA)	Serum: healthy controls, 0.1 (0.1–14.7); BD, 0.4 (0.1–736.2).	BD patients had higher levels of IL-32 than healthy controls [65].
Helicobacter pylori GI/GC	ELISA (BioLegend, USA)	Gastritis tissue: healthy controls, 208 ± 133; GI, 643 ± 492; GC, 1651 ± 488.	Patients with Helicobacter pylori-induced GI/GC had higher levels of IL-32 than healthy controls. GC patients had higher levels of IL-32 than GI patients [18].
RA/OA	ELISA (Biosource International, USA)	Synovial fluid: RA, 107.5 ± 50.9; OA, 14.4 ± 5.9.	Patients with RA has higher levels of IL-32 than those with OA [66].
MM	ELISA (R&D Systems, USA)	Plasma: healthy controls, 112 ± 45; MM, 1103 ± 345.	Compared to healthy controls, MM patients had higher levels of IL-32 [67].

SLE Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, HF Heart Failure, GI Gastric Inflammation, GC Gastric Cancer, BD Behçet’s Disease, RA Rheumatoid Arthritis, OA Osteoarthritis, MM Multiple Myeloma

Data are expressed as mean ± SD or median (IQR)