Table 2.
Estimates of the Prevalence of Severe Maternal Morbidity in Sub-Saharan Africa
| Article | Country | Setting | Definition of SMM | Estimated Prevalencea | Leading Causes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adeoye 2013 [66] | Nigeria | 1 tertiary referral hospital, Ile-Ife | Filippi et al. 2005 | 109.9b | Hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, dystocia |
| Ali 2011 [77] | Sudan | 1 tertiary referral hospital, Kalassa | Filippi et al. 2005 | 22.1 | Hemorrhage, infection, hypertensive disorders |
| David 2014 [78] | Mozambique | 5 health facilities, Maputo city/province | eclampsia, infection hypertension, anemia, dystocia | 20.2 | Hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, infection |
| Gebrehiwot 2014 [59] | Ethiopia | 10 public hospitals | hypertensive disorders, obstetric hemorrhage, dystocia, infection, anemia | 90.8 | Dystocia or uterine rupture, hypertensive disorders, hemorrhage |
| Goldenberg 2017 [51] | Democratic Republic of Congo | 14 health centers and 3 hospitals, Equateur province | Modified WHO | 37.3b | Not reported by country |
| Goldenberg 2017 | Kenya | 23 health facilities and 3 referral hospitals, Busia, Bungoma and Kakamega counties | Modified WHO | 31.2b | Not reported by country |
| Goldenberg 2017 | Zambia | 8 health posts, 3 district hospitals and 1 referral hospital, Kafue and Chongwe districts | Modified WHO | 13.0b | Not reported by country |
| Herklots 2017 [79] | Tanzania | Tertiary referral hospital, Zanzibar | WHO | 9.0 | Hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders |
| Kalisa 2016 [80] | Rwanda | Provincial referral hospital, Musanze district | Modified WHO | 21.5 | Hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders |
| Kiruja 2017 [81] | Somaliland | Main referral hospital | WHO | 88.6 | Hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, infection |
| Litorp 2014 [82] | Tanzania | 2 hospitals, Dar es Salaam | WHO | 36 | Hypertensive disorders, hemorrhage |
| Liyew 2017 [83] | Ethiopia | 5 public hospitals, Addis Ababa | WHO | 8.1 | Hypertensive disorders, hemorrhage, abortive outcome |
| Lori 2012 [62] | Liberia | Rural county | Modified WHO and Filippi et al. 2005 | 16% of deliveries | Hemorrhage, anemia, sepsis |
| Mbachu 2017 [54] | Nigeria | Private hospital, Elele | WHO | 198 | Hemorrhage, abortive outcome, hypertensive disorders |
| Mekango 2017 [84] | Ethiopia | 6 public hospitals, Tigray | Filippi et al. 2005 | 101 | Hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, dystocia |
| Nakimuli 2016 [85] | Uganda | 2 referral hospitals, Central Uganda | WHO | 8.42 | Hypertensive disorders, hemorrhage |
| Nelissen 2013 [86] | Tanzania | Referral hospital, rural | Modified WHO | 23.6 | Hemorrhage, abortive outcome, dystocia |
| Oladapo 2016 [57] | Nigeria | 42 public tertiary hospitals | WHO | 15.8 | Hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, abortive outcome |
| Rulisa 2015 [87] | Rwanda | University hospital, Kigali | WHO | 8 | Sepsis, hypertensive disorders, hemorrhage |
| Sayinzoga 2017 [88] | Rwanda | 4 rural district hospitals | Modified WHO | 36 | Hemorrhage, uterine rupture, abortive outcome |
| Soma-Pillay 2015 [89] | South Africa | 9 delivery facilities, Gauteng province | WHO | 4.4c | Hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, sepsis |
| Tuncalp 2013 [90] | Ghana | Tertiary referral hospital, Accra | WHO | 28.6 | Not reported |
aper 1000 live births
bper 1000 deliveries
cper 1000 pregnancies