Table 4.

Odds ratios and Hazard ratios (95% Confidence Intervals) for lung cancer and nut consumption in EAGLE and AARP, by smoking intensity in ever smokers^a

	Quintile of total nut consumption (frequency per day) in EAGLE						Quintile of total nut consumption (frequency per day) in AARP
Nut consumptionb	1	2	3	4	5	p-trend	1	2	3	4	5	p-trend
Ever smokers
Smoked 1–20 cigarettes per day
Cases/controls	517/422	72/61	140/166	188/222	158/211		1026/16784	2011/42418	2086/50228	1211/29472	1125/29490
Crude (95% CI)	1.00 (reference)	0.96 (0.67–1.39)	0.69 (0.53–0.89)	0.69 (0.55–0.87)	0.61 (0.48–0.78)	<0.001	1.00 (reference)	0.75 (0.69–0.81)	0.65 (0.61–0.70)	0.65 (0.60–0.71)	0.61 (0.56–0.66)	<0.001
Multivariablec (95% CI)	1.00 (reference)	0.74 (0.45–1.22)	0.77 (0.57–1.04)	0.78 (0.60–1.03)	0.67 (0.50–0.90)	0.008	1.00 (reference)	0.92 (0.85–0.99)	0.85 (0.79–0.92)	0.86 (0.79–0.93)	0.84 (0.77–0.91)	<0.001
Smoked 21 or more cigarettes per day
Cases/controls	273/112	19/2	64/35	100/43	76/38		1199/12822	2404/29426	2608/35061	1513/20920	1467/19785
Crude (95% CI)	1.00 (reference)	3.90 (0.89–17.01)	0.75 (0.47–1.20)	0.95 (0.63–1.45)	0.82 (0.52–1.28)	0.386	1.00 (reference)	0.84 (0.78–0.90)	0.76 (0.71–0.81)	0.74 (0.69–0.80)	0.76 (0.70–0.82)	<0.001
Multivariablec (95% CI)	1.00 (reference)	3.72 (0.65–21.13)	0.70 (0.41–1.19)	1.13 (0.69–1.84)	0.91 (0.55–1.52)	0.723	1.00 (reference)	0.96 (0.89–1.03)	0.93 (0.86–0.99)	0.91 (0.84–0.98)	0.89 (0.82–0.97)	0.003
Current smokers
Smoked 1–20 cigarettes per day
Cases/controls	273/153	43/32	70/61	77/78	74/72		587/4343	1039/9300	1092/10181	616/5649	535/5003
Crude (95% CI)	1.00 (reference)	0.79 (0.48–1.30)	0.67 (0.46–1.00)	0.61 (0.42–0.87)	0.62 (0.42–0.90)	0.012	1.00 (reference)	0.80 (0.72–0.88)	0.76 (0.69–0.84)	0.77 (0.69–0.86)	0.76 (0.68–0.86)	<0.001
Multivariablec (95% CI)	1.00 (reference)	0.81 (0.42–1.58)	0.80 (0.51–1.25)	0.61 (0.40–0.93)	0.61 (0.39–0.95)	0.030	1.00 (reference)	0.90 (0.81–1.00)	0.86 0.77–0.95)	0.85 (0.76–0.96)	0.83 (0.74–0.94)	0.003
Smoked 21 or more cigarettes per day
Cases/controls	148/35	13/2	34/12	54/15	41/11		405/2268	816/4646	941/5177	525/2922	487/2821
Crude (95% CI)	1.00 (reference)	1.54 (0.33–7.12)	0.67 (0.32–1.42)	0.85 (0.43–1.68)	0.88 (0.41–1.89)	0.745	1.00 (reference)	0.93 (0.82–1.04)	0.94 (0.83–1.05)	0.95 (0.84–1.08)	0.90 (0.79–1.03)	0.117
Multivariablec (95% CI)	1.00 (reference)	1.74 (0.23–12.96)	0.59 (0.26–1.39)	0.79 (0.36–1.72)	0.94 (0.40–2.24)	0.897	1.00 (reference)	1.01 (0.90–1.14)	1.05 (0.93–1.18)	1.04 (0.91–1.18)	0.94 (0.82–1.08)	0.401
Former smokers
Smoked 1–20 cigarettes per day
Cases/controls	242/267	27/29	67/105	104/143	79/139		439/12441	972/33118	994/40047	595/23823	590/24487
Crude (95% CI)	1.00 (reference)	1.03 (0.59–1.78)	0.70 (0.49–1.00)	0.80 (0.59–1.09)	0.63 (0.45–0.87)	0.005	1.00 (reference)	0.80 (0.72–0.90)	0.67 (0.60–0.75)	0.68 (0.60–0.77)	0.66 (0.59–0.75)	<0.001
Multivariablec (95% CI)	1.00 (reference)	0.72 (0.33–1.54)	0.74 (0.48–1.12)	0.99 (0.68–1.43)	0.75 (0.50–1.12)	0.162	1.00 (reference)	0.94 (0.84–1.06)	0.84 (0.74–0.94)	0.86 (0.76–0.98)	0.84 (0.74–0.96)	0.008
Smoked 21 or more cigarettes per day
Cases/controls	125/77	6/0	30/23	46/28	35/27		794/10554	1588/24780	1667/29884	988/17998	980/16964
Crude (95% CI)	1.00 (reference)	NA	0.80 (0.44–1.48)	1.01 (0.58–1.75)	0.80 (0.45–1.42)	0.445	1.00 (reference)	0.82 (0.76–0.90)	0.71 (0.65–0.77)	0.70 (0.64–0.77)	0.73 (0.67–0.81)	<0.001
Multivariablec (95% CI)	1.00 (reference)	NA	0.79 (0.39–1.60)	1.46 (0.75–2.85)	0.95 (0.48–1.87)	0.882	1.00 (reference)	0.93 (0.85–1.01)	0.86 (0.79–0.94)	0.85 (0.77–0.94)	0.86 (0.78–0.95)	0.002

Abbreviations: AARP, American Association of Retired Persons; EAGLE, Environment And Genetics in Lung cancer Etiology; OR, odds ratio; HR, hazards ratio; CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable.

^aUnless otherwise indicated, data are reported as OR (95% CI) for EAGLE and HR (95% CI) for AARP.

^bNut consumption in sex-specific quintiles based on distribution of controls for each sex for EAGLE: Quintile 1 (non-consumers), quintile 2 (1–6 times a year), quintile 3 (7–11 times a year), quintile 4 (once a month up to 3 times a month), and quintile 5 (once a week up to 5 times a week, and once a day up to 2 or more times a day); Nut consumption in sex-specific quintiles based on distribution of controls for AARP: Quintile 1 (non-consumers), quintile 2 (1–6 times a year), quintile 3 (7–11 times a year), quintile 4 (once a month up to 2–3 times a month), and quintile 5 (once a week up to 6 times a week, and once a day up to 2 or more times a day).

^cAdjusted for age, sex, area of residence, education, body mass index, cigarette smoking status, cumulative pack-years of cigarette smoking (continuous, 0 for never-smokers), years since last cigarette smoked (continuous, 0 for never-smokers), and intakes of red and processed meat, fruits, vegetables, and alcohol in EAGLE; Adjusted for age, sex, education, body mass index, energy intake, cigarette smoking status, cigarette smoking dose (categorical, 0 for never-smokers), years since last cigarette smoked (categorical, 0 for never-smokers), and intakes of red and processed meat, fruits, vegetables, and alcohol for AARP.