Table 4.
Quintile of total nut consumption (frequency per day) in EAGLE | Quintile of total nut consumption (frequency per day) in AARP | |||||||||||
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Nut consumptionb | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | p-trend | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | p-trend |
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Ever smokers | ||||||||||||
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Smoked 1–20 cigarettes per day | ||||||||||||
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Cases/controls | 517/422 | 72/61 | 140/166 | 188/222 | 158/211 | 1026/16784 | 2011/42418 | 2086/50228 | 1211/29472 | 1125/29490 | ||
Crude (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.96 (0.67–1.39) | 0.69 (0.53–0.89) | 0.69 (0.55–0.87) | 0.61 (0.48–0.78) | <0.001 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.75 (0.69–0.81) | 0.65 (0.61–0.70) | 0.65 (0.60–0.71) | 0.61 (0.56–0.66) | <0.001 |
Multivariablec (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.74 (0.45–1.22) | 0.77 (0.57–1.04) | 0.78 (0.60–1.03) | 0.67 (0.50–0.90) | 0.008 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.92 (0.85–0.99) | 0.85 (0.79–0.92) | 0.86 (0.79–0.93) | 0.84 (0.77–0.91) | <0.001 |
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Smoked 21 or more cigarettes per day | ||||||||||||
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Cases/controls | 273/112 | 19/2 | 64/35 | 100/43 | 76/38 | 1199/12822 | 2404/29426 | 2608/35061 | 1513/20920 | 1467/19785 | ||
Crude (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 3.90 (0.89–17.01) | 0.75 (0.47–1.20) | 0.95 (0.63–1.45) | 0.82 (0.52–1.28) | 0.386 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.84 (0.78–0.90) | 0.76 (0.71–0.81) | 0.74 (0.69–0.80) | 0.76 (0.70–0.82) | <0.001 |
Multivariablec (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 3.72 (0.65–21.13) | 0.70 (0.41–1.19) | 1.13 (0.69–1.84) | 0.91 (0.55–1.52) | 0.723 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | 0.93 (0.86–0.99) | 0.91 (0.84–0.98) | 0.89 (0.82–0.97) | 0.003 |
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Current smokers | ||||||||||||
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Smoked 1–20 cigarettes per day | ||||||||||||
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Cases/controls | 273/153 | 43/32 | 70/61 | 77/78 | 74/72 | 587/4343 | 1039/9300 | 1092/10181 | 616/5649 | 535/5003 | ||
Crude (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.79 (0.48–1.30) | 0.67 (0.46–1.00) | 0.61 (0.42–0.87) | 0.62 (0.42–0.90) | 0.012 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.80 (0.72–0.88) | 0.76 (0.69–0.84) | 0.77 (0.69–0.86) | 0.76 (0.68–0.86) | <0.001 |
Multivariablec (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.81 (0.42–1.58) | 0.80 (0.51–1.25) | 0.61 (0.40–0.93) | 0.61 (0.39–0.95) | 0.030 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.90 (0.81–1.00) | 0.86 0.77–0.95) | 0.85 (0.76–0.96) | 0.83 (0.74–0.94) | 0.003 |
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Smoked 21 or more cigarettes per day | ||||||||||||
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Cases/controls | 148/35 | 13/2 | 34/12 | 54/15 | 41/11 | 405/2268 | 816/4646 | 941/5177 | 525/2922 | 487/2821 | ||
Crude (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.54 (0.33–7.12) | 0.67 (0.32–1.42) | 0.85 (0.43–1.68) | 0.88 (0.41–1.89) | 0.745 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.93 (0.82–1.04) | 0.94 (0.83–1.05) | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) | 0.90 (0.79–1.03) | 0.117 |
Multivariablec (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.74 (0.23–12.96) | 0.59 (0.26–1.39) | 0.79 (0.36–1.72) | 0.94 (0.40–2.24) | 0.897 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.01 (0.90–1.14) | 1.05 (0.93–1.18) | 1.04 (0.91–1.18) | 0.94 (0.82–1.08) | 0.401 |
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Former smokers | ||||||||||||
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Smoked 1–20 cigarettes per day | ||||||||||||
Cases/controls | 242/267 | 27/29 | 67/105 | 104/143 | 79/139 | 439/12441 | 972/33118 | 994/40047 | 595/23823 | 590/24487 | ||
Crude (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.03 (0.59–1.78) | 0.70 (0.49–1.00) | 0.80 (0.59–1.09) | 0.63 (0.45–0.87) | 0.005 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.80 (0.72–0.90) | 0.67 (0.60–0.75) | 0.68 (0.60–0.77) | 0.66 (0.59–0.75) | <0.001 |
Multivariablec (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.72 (0.33–1.54) | 0.74 (0.48–1.12) | 0.99 (0.68–1.43) | 0.75 (0.50–1.12) | 0.162 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.94 (0.84–1.06) | 0.84 (0.74–0.94) | 0.86 (0.76–0.98) | 0.84 (0.74–0.96) | 0.008 |
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Smoked 21 or more cigarettes per day | ||||||||||||
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Cases/controls | 125/77 | 6/0 | 30/23 | 46/28 | 35/27 | 794/10554 | 1588/24780 | 1667/29884 | 988/17998 | 980/16964 | ||
Crude (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | NA | 0.80 (0.44–1.48) | 1.01 (0.58–1.75) | 0.80 (0.45–1.42) | 0.445 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.82 (0.76–0.90) | 0.71 (0.65–0.77) | 0.70 (0.64–0.77) | 0.73 (0.67–0.81) | <0.001 |
Multivariablec (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | NA | 0.79 (0.39–1.60) | 1.46 (0.75–2.85) | 0.95 (0.48–1.87) | 0.882 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.93 (0.85–1.01) | 0.86 (0.79–0.94) | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) | 0.86 (0.78–0.95) | 0.002 |
Abbreviations: AARP, American Association of Retired Persons; EAGLE, Environment And Genetics in Lung cancer Etiology; OR, odds ratio; HR, hazards ratio; CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable.
Unless otherwise indicated, data are reported as OR (95% CI) for EAGLE and HR (95% CI) for AARP.
Nut consumption in sex-specific quintiles based on distribution of controls for each sex for EAGLE: Quintile 1 (non-consumers), quintile 2 (1–6 times a year), quintile 3 (7–11 times a year), quintile 4 (once a month up to 3 times a month), and quintile 5 (once a week up to 5 times a week, and once a day up to 2 or more times a day); Nut consumption in sex-specific quintiles based on distribution of controls for AARP: Quintile 1 (non-consumers), quintile 2 (1–6 times a year), quintile 3 (7–11 times a year), quintile 4 (once a month up to 2–3 times a month), and quintile 5 (once a week up to 6 times a week, and once a day up to 2 or more times a day).
Adjusted for age, sex, area of residence, education, body mass index, cigarette smoking status, cumulative pack-years of cigarette smoking (continuous, 0 for never-smokers), years since last cigarette smoked (continuous, 0 for never-smokers), and intakes of red and processed meat, fruits, vegetables, and alcohol in EAGLE; Adjusted for age, sex, education, body mass index, energy intake, cigarette smoking status, cigarette smoking dose (categorical, 0 for never-smokers), years since last cigarette smoked (categorical, 0 for never-smokers), and intakes of red and processed meat, fruits, vegetables, and alcohol for AARP.