Table 1.
Average (±SE) emission rates (nmol m-2 s-1) of stress volatiles released from the leaves of E. globulus in control, wounding, 5 ppm ozone, and 5 ppm ozone and wounding treatments at 0.5 h of recovery since stress applications. Compounds were grouped according to compound biosynthesis pathways.
| Emission rate (nmol m-2 s-1) of volatiles at 0.5 h since stress applications | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Compound | Control | Ozone 5 ppm | Wounding | Ozone 5 ppm and wounding |
| 1 | Isoprene | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 14 ± 6 |
| LOX volatiles | |||||
| 2 | Hexanal | 0.004 ± 0.001 | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.010 ± 0.001 | 0.200 ± 0.014 |
| 3 | Pentanal | 0.005 ± 0.004 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.010 ± 0.002 | 0.030 ± 0.001 |
| 4 | (E)-2-Hexenal | nd | 0.010 ± 0.004 | 0.010 ± 0.005 | 0.400 ± 0.030 |
| 5 | (Z)-3-Hexenol | nd | 0.010 ± 0.004 | 0.020 ± 0.003 | 0.45 ± 0.03 |
| Monoterpenes | |||||
| 6 | Camphene | 0.003 ± 0.002 | 0.13 ± 0.10 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 1.6 ± 0.7 |
| 7 | Δ3-Carene | 0.004 ± 0.001 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.20 ± 0.05 |
| 8 | 1,8-Cineole | 0.130 ± 0.001 | 15 ± 12 | 3.0 ± 0.4 | 65 ± 30 |
| 9 | p-Cymene | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 4.0 ± 2.4 |
| 10 | α-Fenchene | 0.010 ± 0.001 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.010 ± 0.004 | 0.4 ± 0.2 |
| 11 | Limonene | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 3 ± 2 | 0.80 ± 0.04 | 25 ± 11 |
| 12 | β-Myrcene | 0.005 ± 0.001 | 0.5 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 4.4 ± 3.5 |
| 13 | (Z)-β-Ocimene | nd | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.006 ± 0.004 | 1 ± 1 |
| 14 | α-Phellandrene | 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.003 ± 0.002 | 3 ± 2 |
| 15 | α-Pinene | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 6 ± 4 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 37 ± 15 |
| 16 | β-Pinene | 0.006 ± 0.002 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 4 ± 2 |
| 17 | α-Terpinene | 0.005 ± 0.003 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.5 ± 0.2 |
| 18 | γ-Terpinene | 0.004 ± 0.002 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 1.3 ± 0.7 |
| 19 | α-Terpinolene | 0.004 ± 0.004 | 0.010 ± 0.006 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 2.0 ± 0.1 |
| 20 | α-Thujene | 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.10 ± 0.05 | 0.020 ± 0.006 | 1.0 ± 0.6 |
| Sesquiterpenes | |||||
| 21 | Alloaromadendrene | 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.7 ± 0.4 |
| 22 | Aromadendrene | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 2.0 ± 1.3 | 0.103 ± 0.080 | 4 ± 2 |
| 23 | (E)-β-Caryophyllene | nd | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.010 ± 0.006 | 0.1 ± 0.1 |
| 24 | α-Copaene | 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.10 ± 0.04 | 0.010 ± 0.003 | 0.3 ± 0.2 |
| 25 | Epiglobulol | 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.10 ± 0.05 | 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.24 ± 0.20 |
| 26 | α-Gurjunene | 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 1.6 ± 1.3 |
| 27 | β-Gurjunene | 0.0003 ± 0.0002 | 0.020 ± 0.001 | 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.13 ± 0.03 |
| 30 | γ-Gurjunene | 0.0002 ± 0.0001 | 0.10 ± 0.06 | 0.010 ± 0.001 | 0.13 ± 0.05 |
| 31 | Isoledene | 0.0004 ± 0.0001 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.010 ± 0.003 | 0.4 ± 0.3 |
| 32 | γ-Muurolene | 0.0010 ± 0.0001 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.010 ± 0.001 | 0.2 ± 0.1 |
| 33 | Viridiflorene | 0.002 ± 0.001 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 0.10 ± 0.04 | 1 ± 1 |
| Saturated aldehydes | |||||
| 34 | Decanal | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.002 ± 0.001 | 0.3 ± 0.1 |
| 35 | Heptanal | 0.0010 ± 0.0001 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.0010 ± 0.0004 | 0.04 ± 0.02 |
| 36 | Nonanal | 0.003 ± 0.002 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.004 ± 0.002 | 0.30 ± 0.02 |
| 37 | Octanal | 0.002 ± 0.001 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.002 ± 0.002 | 0.04 ± 0.03 |
| Benzenoids | |||||
| 38 | Benzaldehyde | 0.0020 ± 0.0001 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.010 ± 0.002 | 0.65 ± 0.25 |
| 39 | o-Xylene | 0.010 ± 0.001 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.020 ± 0.001 | 0.001 ± 0.030 |
| 40 | p-Xylene | 0.010 ± 0.006 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.020 ± 0.001 | 0.001 ± 0.010 |
| GGDP pathway volatiles | |||||
| 41 | 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one | 0.0020 ± 0.0001 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.005 ± 0.001 | 0.3 ± 0.3 |
| 42 | Geranyl acetone | 0.030 ± 0.002 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.5 ± 0.3 |