. 2018 Apr 30;3(3):e00071. doi: 10.1016/j.parepi.2018.e00071

Table 3.

Hookworm distribution and the effects of risk factors assessed in the study area.

	Hookworm
	No. Cases	No. Controls	Univariate			Multivariate
	No. Cases	No. Controls	OR(SE)	95% CI(L,U)	P-value	OR(SE)	95% CI(L,U)	P-value
Age group
<8	23	295	1		0.0511^a,0.0298^b	1
8-16	61	406	1.93	1.16,3.19		2.32	1.24,4.34	0.008*
17–30	40	251	2.04	1.19,3.52		2.73	1.23,6.07	0.014*
31–60	53	326	2.09	1.24,3.50		2.21	0.87,5.60	0.095
61–100	13	92	1.81	0.88,3.73		1.73	0.60,5.04	0.311

Actual season
Nov15-Apr16	57	545	1		0.0001^a, ^b	(omitted)
Jun16-Oct16	110	531	1.98	1.40,2.79

BMI
Underweight	75	598	1		0.032^a,0.990^b	1
Normal	102	606	1.34	0.97,1.85		0.91	0.55,1.48	0.692
Over-weight	13	154	0.67	0.36,1.25		0.70	0.31,1.57	0.383

Footwear
Slippers (“Chalewate”)	113	912	1		<0.000^a, 0.2489^b	1
Sandals	46	145	2.56	1.74,3.78		1.88	1.10,3.21	0.021*
Wellingtonboot	12	86	1.13	0.60,2.13		1.09	0.49,2.43	0.838
Shoe & “Cambuu”	11	117	0.76	0.40,1.45		0.79	0.37,1.71	0.552
None	8	109	0.59	0.28,1.25		1.62	0.66,3.98	0.292

Malaria parasite
No	112	1016	1		<0.000^a, ^b	1
Yes	78	361	1.96	1.43,2.69		1.62	1.09,2.40	0.018*

Education
None	79	488	1		0.072^a,0.033^b	1
Elementary/primary	105	789	0.82	0.60,1.12		1.07	0.69,1.67	0.763
Higher school	6	93	0.40	0.17,0.94		0.59	0.20,1.74	0.336

Gender
Male	108	609	1		0.0013^a, ^b	1
Female	82	761	0.61	0.45,0.83		0.72	0.47,1.10	0.124

Toilet
No	171	1165	1		0.0738^a, ^b
Yes	19	203	0.64	0.39,1.05

Dewormer (last 3-months)
No	184	1255	1		0.0115^a, ^b	1
Yes	6	115	0.36	0.15,0.82		0.46	0.17,1.26	0.129

Scrub nails before eating
No	78	443	1		0.0173^a, ^b	1
Yes	112	926	0.69	0.50,0.94		0.68	0.47,1.00	0.048*

Wash hands with soap
No	82	420	1		0.0006^a, ^b	1
Yes	108	949	0.58	0.43,0.80		0.90	0.39,2.08	0.809

Water source in house
No	177	1176	1		0.0053^a, ^b	(omitted)
Yes	13	194	0.45	0.25,0.80

Drinking water source close to house
Pipe-borne	11	162	1		0.0012^a,0.0003^b	1
Well	11	144	1.13	0.47,2.68		1.98	0.69,5.71	0.207
River/stream	40	251	2.35	1.16,4.73		2.05	0.88,4.73	0.094
Bore-hole	113	593	2.81	1.47,5.36		2.51	1.11,5.68	0.027*
Other	2	27	1.09	0.23,5.22		0.66	0.07,6.06	0.717

Use refuse site
No	75	411	1		0.0089^a, ^b	1
Yes	115	955	0.66	0.48,0.90		1.02	0.68,1.51	0.939

Share bed
No	39	226	1		0.1672^a, ^b	1
Yes	151	1143	0.77	0.52,1.12		0.84	0.52,1.34	0.458

Occupation
Unemployed	98	829	1		0.0003^a,0.700^b	1
Farmer	82	398	1.74	1.27,2.40		1.33	0.66,2.71	0.427
Trader	7	117	0.51	0.23,1.12		0.55	0.15,2.03	0.366
Professional	1	19	0.45	0.06,3.37		2.25	0.21,24.00	0.501

Religion
Muslim	39	329	1		0.0001^a,0.0027^b	1
Christianity	121	943	1.08	0.74,1.59		1.00	0.63,1.58	0.996
Traditional	12	24	4.21	1.92,9.24		4.36	1.74,10.95	0.002*
None	18	74	2.05	1.11,3.80		0.98	0.47,2.04	0.956

Animal reared by tenant of compound
No	34	350	1		0.0218^a, ^b	1
Yes	156	1020	1.57	1.06,2.33		0.81	0.48,1.36	0.430

Animal reared within compound
No	36	356	1		0.0361^a, ^b	1
Yes	154	1014	1.50	1.02,2.20		0.37	0.07,1.96	0.244

Participants directly involved in animal rearing
No	72	664	1		0.0074^a, ^b	1
Yes	117	706	1.53	1.12,2.09		3.16	0.58,17.12	0.182

*Variables in the multivariate analysis significant at P-value < 0.05.

Test of homogeneity (equal odds).

Score test for trend of odds.