Table 4.

Helminth distribution and the effects of risk factors assessed in the middle belt of Ghana.

	Helminth
	No. Cases	No. Controls	Univariate			Multivariate
			OR(SE)	95% CI(L,U)	p-value	OR(SE)	95% CI(L,U)	p-value
Age group
<8	48	270	1		0.0803a,0.2027b
8-16	92	375	1.38	0.94,2.02
17–30	64	227	1.59	1.05,2.40
31–60	83	296	1.58	1.06,2.33
61–100	15	90	0.94	0.50,1.76
Actual season
Nov15–Apr16	94	508	1		0.0003a, b	(omitted)
Jun16–Oct16	153	488	1.69	1.27,2.26
Footwear
Slippers (“Chalewate”)	185	840	1		0.0019a,0.7747b	1
Sandals	56	135	1.88	1.32,2.68		1.60	1.01,2.52	0.044*
Wellingtonboot	23	75	1.39	0.85,2.28		1.36	0.73,2.54	0.330
Shoe & “Cambuu”	18	110	0.74	0.44,1.25		0.93	0.50,1.73	0.817
None	20	97	0.94	0.56,1.55		1.72	0.93,3.18	0.086
Malaria parasite
No	185	943	1		0.0000a, b	1
Yes	117	322	1.85	1.42,2.42		1.94	1.41,2.67	0.000*
Education
None	119	448	1		0.3917a,0.1712b
Elementary/primary	167	727	0.86	0.66,1.13
Higher school	16	83	0.73	0.41,1.29
Gender
Male	160	557	1		0.0064a, b	1
Female	142	701	0.71	0.55,0.91		0.76	0.54,1.06	0.107
Toilet
No	264	1072	1		0.2798a, b
Yes	37	185	0.81	0.55,1.19
Dewormer (last 3-months)
No	287	1152	1		0.0436a, b	1
Yes	15	106	0.57	0.33,0.99		0.55	0.26,1.15	0.111
Scrub nails before eating
No	109	412	1		0.2728a, b
Yes	193	845	0.86	0.66,1.12
Wash hands with soap
No	110	392	1		0.0803a, b
Yes	192	865	0.79	0.61,1.03
Water source in house
No	272	1081	1		0.0572a, b
Yes	30	177	0.67	0.44,1.01
Drinking water source close to house
Pipe-borne	28	145	1		0.1362a,0.1735b
Well	25	130	1.00	0.55,1.80
River/stream	67	224	1.55	0.95,2.53
Bore-hole	150	556	1.40	0.90,2.18
Other	3	26	0.60	0.17,2.12
Use refuse site
No	105	381	1		0.1400a, b
Yes	197	873	0.82	0.63,1.07
Share bed
No	58	207	1		0.2556a, b
Yes	244	1050	0.83	0.60,1.15
Occupation
Unemployed	163	764	1		0.0499a,0.3756b	1
Farmer	112	368	1.43	1.09,1.87		1.43	1.00,2.04	0.048*
Trader	20	104	0.90	0.54,1.50		0.67	0.28,1.62	0.375
Professional	3	17	0.83	0.24,2.86		0.69	0.08,5.79	0.731
Religion
Muslim	64	304	1		0.0181a,0.0865b	1
Christianity	204	860	1.13	0.83,1.54		1.03	0.72,1.48	0.872
Traditional	14	22	3.02	1.45,6.29		3.02	1.35,6.78	0.007*
None	20	72	1.32	0.75,2.32		0.83	0.44,1.59	0.574
Animal reared by tenant of compound
No	73	311	1		0.8422a, b
Yes	229	947	1.03	0.77,1.38
Animal reared within compound
No	75	317	1		0.8958a, b
Yes	227	941	1.02	0.76,1.36
Participants directly involved in animal rearing
No	130	606	1		0.1200a, b
Yes	171	652	1.22	0.95,1.58

*Variables in the multivariate analysis significant at P-value < 0.05.

^aTest of homogeneity (equal odds).

^bScore test for trend of odds.