Fig. 1.

Change in specific IgA in intestinal lavage fluid in volunteers given one of three vaccines. ‘Change’ is the difference in log titre values of IgA pre- and 14 days post vaccination. Antigen-specific IgA responses to Vivotif and Dukoral LPS, Dukoral CTB and Rotarix antigen were measured in whole gut lavage fluid (WGLF). (A) Specific IgA in WGLF against Vivotif LPS was increased (^*P = 0.01) in Vivotif recipients who received ATRA. No change was seen in responses to the other vaccine antigens: (B) Rotarix (P = 0.19), (C) Dukoral LPS (P = 0.83) or (D) Dukoral Cholera Toxin B subunit (CTB) (P = 0.84). Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test. Responses are shown measured as change in log titers.