Table 1.
Maternal demographic and clinical characteristics associated with postpartum follow-up after pregnancy complicated by GDM
| Bivariable analyses | Multivariable analyses | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No postpartum follow-up n ¼ 124 |
Postpartum follow-up n ¼ 559 |
p-Value | Postpartum follow-up OR (95% CI)a | Postpartum follow-up a OR (95% CI)a | |
| Age (y) | 31.5 ± 6.9 | 33.1 ± 5.3 | <0.01 | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 28.4 ± 7.2 | 29.3 ± 7.7 | 0.27 | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | – |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.01 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 24 (19.5) | 140 (25.0) | Reference | Reference | |
| Hispanic | 42 (34.2) | 139 (24.8) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 1.3 (0.7–2.6) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 37 (30.1) | 112 (20.0) | 3.00 (1.0–9.0) | 1.8 (0.8–3.8) | |
| Asian | 4 (3.3) | 70 (12.5) | 0.9 (0.4–2.2) | 4.2 (1.1–15.3) | |
| Other or Unknown | 16 (13.0) | 99 (17.7) | 0.6(0.3–1.0) | 1.9 (0.8–4.4) | |
| Medicaid insurance | 80 (74.1) | 187 (39.3) | <0.001 | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.3 (0.2–0.6) |
| Non-English language | 10 (8.1) | 30 (5.4) | 0.24 | 0.6 (0.3–1.4) | – |
| Married | 44 (35.5) | 346 (61.9) | <0.001 | 2.9 (1.9–4.4) | 1.6 (0.9–2.8) |
| Nulliparous | 39 (31.5) | 274 (49.0) | <0.001 | 2.1 (1.4–3.1) | 1.7 (1.0–2.9) |
| Tobacco use | 8 (6.5) | 15 (2.7) | 0.04 | 0.4 (0.2–1.0) | 0.8 (0.3–2.5) |
| Resident or Fellow involvement | 91 (74.0) | 213 (38.0) | <0.001 | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | –b |
| Late presentation to care (>24 wk) | 46 (37.1) | 86 (15.4) | <0.001 | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) |
| Preterm delivery (<37 wk) | 27 (21.8) | 74 (13.2) | 0.02 | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) |
| Multiple gestation | 8 (6.5) | 38 (6.8) | 0.89 | 1.1 (0.5–2.3) | – |
| GDM type A2 | 24 (19.4) | 133 (23.8) | 0.29 | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | – |
| Gestational age at time of GDM diagnosis | 0.08 | ||||
| Routine 24–28 wk | 79 (64.2) | 396 (70.7) | Reference | Reference | |
| Early < 24 wk | 16 (13.0) | 83 (14.8) | 1.0 (0.6–1.9) | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | |
| Late > 28 wk | 28 (22.8) | 81 (14.5) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | |
| Route of delivery | 0.10 | – | |||
| Cesarean | 38 (30.7) | 226 (40.4) | Reference | ||
| Spontaneous vaginal | 76 (61.3) | 302 (54.0) | 0.7 (0.4–1.0) | ||
| Operative vaginal | 10 (8.1) | 31 (5.6) | 0.5 (0.2–1.2) | ||
| NICU admission | 27 (22.0) | 125 (22.4) | 0.91 | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | – |
Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; GDM type A2, medication controlled gestational diabetes mellitus; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit.
Note: Bivariable analyses presented as n (%) or mean ± standard deviation. Statistically significant values are identified in bold.
a
Adjusted for factors with p < 0.1: maternal age, race/ethnicity, Medicaid insurance, marital status, preterm delivery, nulliparity, late presentation to care, tobacco use, gestational age at the time of GDM diagnosis.
b
Not retained in the model due to collinearity with payer status.