Table 1.
Participant characteristics by group including demographic, injury and intervention-related characteristics
| Characteristics | Control | HL | CBT | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age: mean years (SD) | 47.67(14.8) | 47.83(13.2) | 42.70(16.0) | 46.07(14.7) |
| Female n (%) | 21(70.0) | 19(63.3) | 21(70.0) | 61(67.8) |
| BMI M (SD)a | 26.31(5.5) | 29.74(6.0) | 28.90(9.1) | 28.27(7.2) |
| Marital status n (%) | ||||
| Single | 5(16.7) | 4(13.3) | 8(26.7) | 17(18.9) |
| Widowed | 0(0.0) | 1(3.3) | 2(6.7) | 3(3.3) |
| Divorced/separated | 7(23.3) | 3(10.0) | 9(30.0) | 19(21.1) |
| Married/de facto | 18(60.0) | 22(73.4) | 11(36.6) | 51(56.7) |
| Education n (%) | ||||
| Up to year 10 | 8(26.7) | 5(16.7) | 5(16.7) | 18(20.0) |
| Year 12 or equivalent | 3(10.0) | 4(13.3) | 3(10.0) | 10(11.1) |
| Technical or further education | 9(30.0) | 3(10.0) | 7(23.3) | 19(21.1) |
| University | 10(33.3) | 18(60.0) | 15(50.0) | 43(47.8) |
| Work n (%) | ||||
| Full time | 16(53.3) | 14(46.7) | 17(56.7) | 47(52.2) |
| Part time | 8(26.8) | 8(26.7) | 7(23.3) | 23(25.6) |
| Pensioner | 4(13.3) | 7(23.3) | 4(13.3) | 15(16.7) |
| Unemployed | 1(3.3) | 1(3.3) | 2(6.7) | 4(4.4) |
| Student | 1(3.3) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 1(1.1) |
| Role in MVC | ||||
| Driver | 13(43.3) | 21(70.0) | 18(60.00) | 52(57.8) |
| Passenger | 5(16.7) | 6(20.0) | 2(6.66) | 13(14.4) |
| Motorbike rider | 5(16.7) | 0(0.0) | 8(26.66) | 13(14.4) |
| Bicyclist | 3(10.0) | 3(10.0) | 1(3.33) | 7(7.8) |
| Pedestrian | 4(13.3) | 0(0.0) | 1(3.33) | 5(5.6) |
| Days since MVC: M (SD) | 96.77(71.8) | 81.13(52.3) | 68.37(41.2) | 82.09(57.1) |
| Days in hospital: M (SD) | 0.80(1.7) | 1.37(4.2) | 0.93(1.8) | 1.03(2.8) |
| Injury type/location | ||||
| Neck n (%) | 5(17.2) | 11(36.8) | 8(28.6) | 24(27.6) |
| Shoulder n (%) | 4(13.8) | 1(3.3) | 2(7.1) | 7(8.1) |
| Arm n (%) | 2(6.9) | 1(3.3) | 2(7.1) | 5(5.7) |
| Upper back n (%) | 3(10.3) | 4(13.3) | 4(14.3) | 11(12.6) |
| Lower back n (%) | 7(24.1) | 3(10.0) | 4(14.3) | 14(16.1) |
| Leg n (%) | 6(20.8) | 6(20.0) | 4(14.3) | 16(18.4) |
| Head n (%) | 0(0.0) | 3(10.0) | 1(3.6) | 4(4.6) |
| Chest/abdomen n (%) | 2(6.9) | 1(3.3) | 3(10.7) | 6(6.9) |
| Pain intensity M (SD)b | 7.10(1.9) | 6.73(2.8) | 6.30(2.5) | 6.71(2.4) |
| Perceived danger in MVC M (SD) | 2.87(1.3) | 3.30(1.5)* | 2.37(1.1) | 2.84(1.4) |
| None or small: n (%) | 12(40.0) | 11(36.7) | 16(53.3) | 39(43.3) |
| Moderate, great, overwhelming: n (%) | 18(60.0) | 19(63.3) | 14(46.7) | 51(56.7) |
| Physical Health Composite Index: M(SD) | 33.77(7.3) | 34.36(10.1) | 36.54(9.3) | 34.89(9.0) |
| Mental Health Composite Index: M(SD) | 42.09(14.0) | 41.74(15.4) | 44.79(14.3) | 42.88(14.5) |
| Treated by psychologist/psychiatrist pre-MVC | ||||
| n (yes) | 6(20.00) | 7(23.3) | 15(50.0) | 28(31.1) |
| n (no) | 24(80.00) | 23(76.7) | 15(50.0) | 62(68.9) |
| Psychiatric medications pre-MVCc | ||||
| n (yes) | 8(26.7) | 6(20.0) | 8(26.7) | 22(24.4) |
| n (no) | 22(73.3) | 24(80.0) | 22(73.3) | 68(75.6) |
| Intervention-related characteristics | ||||
| Telephone calls M (SD)d | 2.47(1.6) | 3.27(2.8) | 3.23(2.6) | 2.99(3.3) |
| Quality of rapport n (%)e | ||||
| Poor | 5(16.7) | 7(23.33) | 2(6.7) | 14(15.6) |
| Somewhat | 11(36.7) | 10(33.3) | 10(33.3) | 31(34.4) |
| Excellent | 14(46.7) | 13(43.3) | 18(60.0) | 45(50.0) |
| Email versus postal delivery n (%) | ||||
| 28(93.3) | 27(90.0) | 29(96.7) | 84(93.3) | |
| Postal | 2(6.7) | 3(10.0) | 1(3.3) | 6(6.7) |
BMI body mass index, CBT cognitive behaviour therapy, HL healthy lifestyle, M mean, MVC motor vehicle crash, SD standard deviation
*HL group significantly different to CBT (P < .05)
aData missing for three people for HL; total n = 87
bPain intensity score from 1 to 10
cMedication information was obtained with the question ‘Have you ever been prescribed medication for anxiety or depression?’
dTelephone calls relates to the number of calls required by the researcher to achieve the participants’ second assessment
eQuality of rapport between researcher and participant is a subjective rating by the researcher who made the telephone calls