Table 3.

Results for pre- and post-intervention DASS-21 and IES-R by group

	Control	HL	CBT
	Mean (SD) 95% CI	Mean (SD) 95% CI	Mean (SD) 95% CI
DASS-21 baseline
Depression	13.0(13.5) 7.9–18.0	15.9(13.5) 10.8–20.9	10.8(11.3) 6.6–15.0
Anxiety	11.6(12.6) 6.9–16.3	14.0(13.0) 9.1–18.9	9.7(10.4) 5.8–13.6
Stress	17.5(14.4) 12.2–22.9	18.9(13.6) 13.9–24.0	14.2(12.0) 9.7–18.7
Total	42.1(39.0) 27.6–56.7	48.8(37.7) 34.7–62.9	34.7(30.3) 23.3–46.0
DASS-21 3 months
Depression	9.7(11.6) 5.3–14.0	15.8(14.1) 10.5–21.1	9.0(10.8) 5.0–13.0
Anxiety	8.7(9.8) 5.1–12.4	14.1(14.5) 8.7–19.5	7.5(8.5) 4.3–10.6
Stress	14.0(12.9) 9.2–18.8	16.7(13.2) 11.8–21.7	11.8(10.9) 7.7–15.9
Total	32.4(31.9) 20.5–44.3	46.7(39.9) 31.8–61.6	34.7(30.3) 23.3–46.0
IES-R baseline
Intrusion	14.8(8.9) 11.5–18.2	18.4(9.3) 15.0–21.9*	12.1(9.4) 8.6–15.6*
Avoidance	11.8(8.8) 8.5–15.1	15.4(9.1) 11.9–18.7	9.9(7.6) 7.1–12.8
Hyperarousal	11.3(6.6) 8.9–13.8	13.3(7.5) 10.5–16.1	9.2(6.8) 6.6–11.7
Total	37.9(22.9) 29.4–46.5	47.1(23.9) 38.1–56.0*	31.2(22.1) 23.0–39.5*
IES-R 3 months
Intrusion	12.7(9.1) 9.3–16.1	16.0(10.8) 11.9–20.0*	9.8(7.5) 7.0–12.6*
Avoidance	10.7(8.4) 7.5–13.8	13.7(9.7) 10.0–17.3*	8.0(7.4) 5.3–10.8*
Hyperarousal	9.4(7.8) 6.4–12.3	11.9(8.1) 8.9–15.0	7.3(6.0) 5.3–9.5
Total	32.7(24.0) 23.8–41.7	41.6(27.5) 31.3–51.8*	25.1(19.4) 17.8–32.4*

These are unadjusted descriptive scores only

CBT cognitive behaviour therapy, DASS-21 Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 21, HL healthy lifestyle, IES-R Impact of Events Scales (Revised), SD standard deviation

*P < .05