Table 1.
Study Sample Characteristics by Adverse Childhood Experiences, NSCH 2011–2012†
| Sample | 0 ACEs | 1 ACE | 2–3 ACEs | 4+ ACEs | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 62,200) | (n = 32,724) (47%) | (n = 14,907) (26%) | (n = 10,179) (19%) | (n = 4390) (8%) | ||
| Weighted Proportion | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | |
| Age, mean (SD) | 11.5 (3.5) | 11.2 (3.7) | 11.6 (3.4) | 11.9 (3.2) | 12.3 (3.2) | < .001 |
| Gender, % male | 32,142 (51.1) | 16,850 (51.3) | 7707 (51.1) | 5267 (50.5) | 2318 (52.6) | N.S. |
| Race/Ethnicity | < .001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 41,915 (54.4) | 23,851 (58.9) | 9406 (51.0) | 6129 (49.6) | 2529 (50.9) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 5733 (13.9) | 2115 (9.9) | 1778 (16.1) | 1355 (19.2) | 485 (16.9) | |
| Hispanic | 7673 (22.2) | 3449 (21.3) | 2110 (24.5) | 1432 (22.2) | 682 (20.9) | |
| Other race/ethnicity | 6260 (9.5) | 2976 (9.9) | 1449 (8.5) | 1176 (9.08) | 659 (11.4) | |
| Child w/special health care need | 15,314 (24.0) | 6404 (18.6) | 3651 (23.6) | 3289 (30.1) | 1970 (42.8) | <.001 |
| Household poverty status | < .001 | |||||
| 0–133% FPL | 12,829 (29.6) | 3382 (18.2) | 3743 (34.1) | 3655 (41.9) | 2049 (52.9) | |
| 134–200% FPL | 6192 (12.2) | 2236 (9.59) | 1844 (13.8) | 1444 (14.8) | 668 (15.6) | |
| 201% FPL or greater | 43,179 (58.2) | 27,106 (72.2) | 9320 (52.1) | 5080 (43.3) | 1673 (31.5) | |
| Parental education | < .001 | |||||
| Less than high school | 3533 (11.5) | 1186 (8.6) | 1089 (14.0) | 842 (13.5) | 416 (15.4) | |
| High school graduate | 9409 (19.8) | 3353 (14.8) | 2745 (22.3) | 2235 (25.8) | 1076 (26.5) | |
| Greater than high school | 48,924 (68.7) | 28,010 (76.6) | 10,984 (63.7) | 7046 (60.7) | 2884 (58.1) | |
| Total children in household | ||||||
| One child | 24,863 (21.2) | 11,953 (18.4) | 6380 (22.6) | 4614 (25.2) | 1916 (24.2) | <.001 |
| Two children | 23,867 (38.4) | 13,753 (41.8) | 5315 (37.8) | 3277 (34.2) | 1342 (30.2) | |
| Three children | 9382 (27.6) | 5034 (28.7) | 2167 (26.8) | 1478 (25.1) | 703 (29.7) | |
| Four or more children | 4268 (12.8) | 1984 (11.1) | 1045 (12.8) | 810 (15.5) | 429 (15.8) | |
| Family structure | < .001 | |||||
| Two parent family | 47,677 (73.5) | 30,524 (91.3) | 10,371 (68.9) | 5203 (50.5) | 1579 (38.1) | |
| Single mother | 9812 (19.3) | 1491 (6.7) | 3138 (22.6) | 3495 (36.2) | 1688 (42.3) | |
| Other family type | 4433 (7.2) | 583 (2.0) | 1314 (8.5) | 1439 (13.3) | 1097 (19.6) | |
| Attends religious service | ||||||
| Not often | 42,348 (70.6) | 9370 (26.4) | 4929 (31.2) | 3641 (32.6) | 1671 (33.4) | <.001 |
| Often | 19,611 (29.4) | 23,244 (73.6) | 9904 (68.8) | 6496 (67.4) | 2704 (66.6) | |
| Family eats together, mean days (SD) | 5.0 (2.1) | 5.1 (2.1) | 5.0 (2.0) | 4.9 (2.1) | 5.0 (2.1) | ** |
| Shares ideas with children | <.001 | |||||
| Not well | 1639 (3.2) | 543 (1.8) | 413 (3.3) | 407 (4.8) | 276 (7.1) | |
| Well | 60,524 (96.8) | 32,162 (98.2) | 14,485 (96.7) | 9766 (95.2) | 4111 (92.9) | |
| Neighborhood cohesion | < .001 | |||||
| Not cohesive | 7301 (15.9) | 2370 (10.3) | 2004 (17.4) | 1839 (21.9) | 1088 (29.5) | |
| Cohesive | 53,648 (84.1) | 29,763 (89.7) | 12,584 (82.6) | 8082 (78.1) | 3219 (70.5) | |
| Neighborhood safety | < .001 | |||||
| Unsafe | 5482 (13.0) | 1751 (8.5) | 1612 (14.6) | 1369 (18.3) | 750 (21.1) | |
| Safe | 56,442 (87.0) | 30,834 (91.5) | 13,222 (85.4) | 8762 (81.7) | 3624 (78.9) | |
| Neighborhood amenities | ||||||
| 0–1 | 6215 (9.9) | 2961 (8.7) | 1570 (10.6) | 1123 (11.1) | 561 (12.3) | <.001 |
| 2 | 7899 (12.2) | 3936 (10.9) | 1979 (13.2) | 1372 (13.3) | 612 (13.6) | |
| 3 | 15,108 (24.3) | 7857 (23.5) | 3642 (23.6) | 2521 (26.2) | 1088 (26.6) | |
| 4 | 32,159 (53.6) | 17,577 (56.9) | 7505 (52.6) | 5003 (49.4) | 2074 (47.5) | |
| Neighborhood detractors | <.001 | |||||
| None | 45,639 (72.1) | 25,955 (80.1) | 10,633 (70.9) | 6573 (62.4) | 2448 (51.3) | |
| 1 | 10,495 (17.1) | 4780 (13.6) | 2723 (18.7) | 2027 (20.6) | 965 (24.1) | |
| > 2 | 5797 (10.8) | 1851 (6.2) | 1454 (10.4) | 1531 (16.9) | 961 (24.6) | |
| Presence of mentors, yes | 57,694 (89.0) | 30,640 (89.3) | 13,624 (87.1) | 9376 (90.5) | 4054 (90.1) | <.01 |
Abbreviations: N.S. Not Significant, FPL Federal Poverty Line; amenities include: Presence of sidewalks, parks, recreation centers, and libraries;
Detractors include: litter, rundown housing, and graffiti
†Numbers listed are unweighted; however all proportions are displayed as weighted %
P-values reflect statistical comparisons across the categories of ACEs
**Comparison are all to 0 ACEs; p = 0.06 for 1 ACE, p < .001 for 2–3 ACEs, and p = 0.01 for 4+ ACEs