Table 4.
Associations between parental factors and gestational age acceleration. N = 863
| Exposure | Mean difference in gestational age acceleration (days) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
| MD | 95% CI | p | MD | 95% CI | p | |
| Maternal smoking | ||||||
| Never smoker | (Ref) | 0.49 | (Ref) | 0.50 | ||
| Former smoker | 0.01 | − 0.8, 0.7 | 0.03 | − 0.7, 0.8 | ||
| Current smoker | 0.5 | − 0.5, 1.6 | 0.5 | − 0.7, 1.6 | ||
| Paternal smoking | ||||||
| Never smoker | (Ref) | 0.41 | (Ref) | 0.40 | ||
| Former smoker | − 0.9 | − 2.7, 0.9 | − 0.9 | − 2.7, 0.9 | ||
| Current smoker | 0.1 | − 0.8, 0.9 | 0.1 | − 0.8, 0.9 | ||
| Maternal alcohol consumption | ||||||
| Heavy/binge drinker | (Ref) | 0.26 | (Ref) | 0.25 | ||
| Light/moderate drinker | − 0.2 | − 1.2, 0.8 | − 0.3 | − 1.3, 0.8 | ||
| Pregnancy abstainer | − 0.4 | − 1.4, 0.7 | − 0.4 | − 1.4, 0.6 | ||
| Never drinker | − 1.2 | − 2.9, 0.5 | − 1.2 | − 2.9, 0.5 | ||
| Paternal alcohol consumption | ||||||
| Never drinker | (Ref) | 0.54 | (Ref) | 0.67 | ||
| Light/moderate drinker | − 0.9 | − 1.9, 0.1 | − 0.8 | − 1.9, 0.2 | ||
| Heavy/binge drinker | 0.2 | − 1.8, 2.2 | 0.4 | − 1.7, 2.4 | ||
| Maternal depression depressed | 0.4 | − 0.4, 1.1 | 0.32 | 0.4 | − 0.3, 1.2 | 0.28 |
| Paternal depression depressed | −0.5 | − 1.8, 0.8 | 0.42 | − 0.6 | − 1.8, 0.8 | 0.49 |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI | ||||||
| Under/normal weight | (Ref) | < 0.001 | (Ref) | < 0.001 | ||
| Overweight | 1.5 | 0.6, 2.5 | 1.6 | 0.7, 2.6 | ||
| Obese | 2.7 | 1.2, 4.3 | 2.9 | 1.3, 4.4 | ||
| Paternal BMI | ||||||
| Under/normal weight | (Ref) | 0.53 | (Ref) | 0.58 | ||
| Overweight | 0.1 | − 0.7, 0.9 | 0.1 | − 0.7, 0.9 | ||
| Obese | 0.4 | − 0.9, 1.8 | 0.4 | − 1.0, 1.8 | ||
| Parental relationship status | ||||||
| Married | (Ref) | 0.37 | (Ref) | 0.47 | ||
| Cohabiting | 0.1 | − 0.8, 1.1 | 0.1 | − 0.9, 1.1 | ||
| Single | 0.8 | − 1.0, 2.5 | 0.7 | − 1.1, 2.6 | ||
| Parity | ||||||
| 0 | (Ref) | 0.88 | (Ref) | 0.83 | ||
| 1 | − 0.3 | − 1.3, 0.7 | − 0.4 | − 1.3, 0.7 | ||
| 2+ | 0.1 | − 1.6, 1.8 | 0.1 | − 1.6, 1.8 | ||
| Maternal age | ||||||
| 35+ | (Ref) | 0.60 | (Ref) | 0.69 | ||
| 25–34 | − 0.5 | − 1.5, 0.5 | − 0.5 | − 1.4, 0.5 | ||
| 15–24 | − 0.1 | − 1.3, 1.2 | 0.03 | − 1.3, 1.4 | ||
| Paternal age | ||||||
| 35+ | (Ref) | 0.27 | (Ref) | 0.32 | ||
| 25–34 | − 0.4 | − 1.2, 0.3 | − 0.4 | − 1.1, 0.4 | ||
| 15–24 | − 0.7 | − 2.2, 0.8 | − 0.6 | − 2.2, 0.9 | ||
| Pregnancy complications | − 0.4 | − 1.2, 0.5 | 0.42 | − 0.6 | − 1.5, 0.3 | 0.16 |
Results are from multiply imputed data; coefficients are mean differences (MD) adjusted for sex and cell type proportion (model 1) and additionally for parental social class, education, housing tenure and financial difficulties (model 2). Parental depression was measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The pregnancy complication analysis additionally adjusted for all other parental behaviour covariates
BMI body mass index