Table 1.
Descriptive analysis and differences test in people living with HIV/AIDS in Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| Variables | Participants (n = 106) | Differences test | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (n = 65) | Women (n = 41) | |||||
| Mean ± SD | 95% CI | Mean ± SD | 95% CI | |||
| Age (years) | 46.3 ± 8.9 | 44.2 to 48.5 | 46.2 ± 11.2 | 42.9 to 49.9 | 0.0 | 0.966 |
| DXA-Total body weight (kg) | 70.7 ± 11.5 | 67.8 to 73.4 | 63.6 ± 11.6 | 59.7 to 67.1 | 3.0 | 0.003* |
| DXA-Total trunk fat (kg) | 26.0 ± 6.3 | 24.4 to 27.5 | 33.8 ± 7.0 | 31.4 to 35.9 | −5.8 | < 0.001 |
| DXA-Total legs fat (kg) | 5.2 ± 2.3 | 4.6 to 5.8 | 8.1 ± 3.6 | 7.0 to 9.2 | −4.9 | < 0.001* |
| DXA-FMR | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.1 to 1.3 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 to 1.0 | 5.2 | < 0.001* |
| Height (cm) | 170.3 ± 6.5 | 168.7 to 172.1 | 156.0 ± 5.8 | 154.2 to 158.0 | 11.5 | < 0.001* |
| Diagnosis of HIV (months) | 119.6 ± 74.8 | 100.5 to 137.6 | 105.5 ± 86.0 | 79.3 to 131.9 | 0.9a | 0.387 |
| Exposure to cART (months) | 92.6 ± 63.2 | 76.0 to 107.9 | 79.4 ± 63.0 | 60.2 to 99.7 | 1.0a | 0.306 |
| Formal Education (years) | 9.0 ± 3.6 | 8.0 to 9.8 | 7.3 ± 2.9 | 6.4 to 8.2 | 2.6a | 0.011* |
| White (n/%) | 45 (69.2) | 22 (53.6) | – | – | ||
| Black (n/%) | 5 (7.7) | 5 (12.2) | – | – | ||
| Asian (n/%) | 4 (6.2) | 5 (12.2) | – | – | ||
| Brown (n/%) | 11 (16.9) | 9 (22.0) | – | – | ||
| Type of cART (With-PI) (n/%) | 31 (47.7) | 15 (36.6) | – | – | ||
| Type of cART (Without-PI) (n/%) | 34 (52.3) | 26 (63.4) | – | – | ||
| Anthropometric Measurements | ||||||
| Body Circumferences (cm) | ||||||
| Left arm extended | 28.7 ± 3.0 | 28.0 to 29.5 | 28.0 ± 3.8 | 26.8 to 29.1 | 1.2 | 0.255 |
| Left arm contracted | 29.6 ± 2.9 | 28.9 to 30.4 | 29.0 ± 3.8 | 27.8 to 30.1 | 0.9 | 0.359 |
| Left forearm | 26.2 ± 1.8 | 25.8 to 26.6 | 23.9 ± 2.2 | 23.2 to 24.5 | 5.8 | < 0.001* |
| Left wrist | 16.7 ± 2.0 | 16.2 to 17.2 | 15.7 ± 1.4 | 15.2 to 16.1 | 3.0 | 0.004* |
| Right arm extended | 29.1 ± 3.0 | 28.4 to 29.8 | 28.7 ± 3.8 | 27.5 to 29.8 | 0.6 | 0.526 |
| Right arm extended corrected | 26.5 ± 2.3 | 26.0 to 27.1 | 23.3 ± 2.2 | 22.6 to 24.0 | 7.1 | < 0.001* |
| Right arm contracted | 30.2 ± 2.8 | 29.6 to 30.9 | 29.6 ± 3.8 | 28.4 to 30.7 | 1.0 | 0.335 |
| Right arm contracted corrected | 27.6 ± 2.3 | 27.1 to 28.2 | 24.2 ± 2.3 | 23.5 to 24.9 | 7.5 | < 0.001* |
| Right forearm | 26.7 ± 1.8 | 26.3 to 27.2 | 24.4 ± 2.1 | 23.7 to 25.0 | 6.0 | < 0.001* |
| Right wrist | 16.7 ± 1.0 | 16.4 to 16.9 | 15.7 ± 1.4 | 15.3 to 16.1 | 3.9 | < 0.001* |
| Left thigh | 49.8 ± 8.5 | 47.4 to 51.7 | 54.2 ± 10.0 | 50.7 to 57.1 | −2.4 | 0.016* |
| Left medial calf | 35.0 ± 2.7 | 34.3 to 35.7 | 34.2 ± 3.9 | 32.9 to 35.4 | 1.3 | 0.214 |
| Left ankle | 21.7 ± 1.5 | 21.3 to 22.1 | 20.9 ± 1.7 | 20.3 to 21.4 | 2.5 | 0.016* |
| Right thigh | 51.7 ± 5.5 | 50.3 to 53.1 | 55.6 ± 7.9 | 52.9 to 58.0 | −2.9 | 0.004* |
| Right thigh corrected | 47.9 ± 4.4 | 46.8 to 49.1 | 47.9 ± 5.4 | 46.2 to 49.6 | 0.0 | 0.977 |
| Right medial calf | 35.0 ± 2.8 | 34.3 to 35.7 | 34.3 ± 4.0 | 33.0 to 35.4 | 1.1 | 0.283 |
| Right medial calf corrected | 33.2 ± 2.6 | 32.5 to 33.9 | 29.9 ± 2.9 | 29.0 to 30.8 | 6.0 | < 0.001* |
| Right ankle | 21.7 ± 1.4 | 21.3 to 22.0 | 20.7 ± 1.6 | 20.2 to 21.2 | 3.1 | 0.003* |
| Shoulder | 108.4 ± 6.8 | 106.6 to 110.0 | 100.4 ± 7.6 | 97.8 to 102.8 | 5.5 | < 0.001* |
| Breast | 97.9 ± 6.8 | 96.1 to 99.4 | 85.9 ± 7.0 | 83.8 to 88.2 | 8.5 | < 0.001* |
| Waist | 89.05 ± 8.9 | 86.7 to 91.2 | 83.7 ± 8.7 | 80.8 to 86.3 | 3.0 | 0.003* |
| Abdomen | 90.4 ± 13.5 | 86.8 to 93.3 | 92.4 ± 10.3 | 89.3 to 95.6 | −0.8 | 0.409 |
| Hip | 91.8 ± 7.5 | 90.0 to 93.6 | 97.9 ± 10.3 | 94.5 to 100.9 | −3.5 | 0.001* |
| Waist/Hip ratio | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 to 1.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 to 0.9 | 6.9 | < 0.001* |
| Waist/Thigh ratio | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 1.7 to 1.9 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.5 to 1.6 | 4.4 | < 0.001* |
| Waist/Medial calf leg ratio | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 2.5 to 2.6 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 2.4 to 2.6 | 1.8 | 0.071 |
| Abdomen/Hip ratio | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 to 1.0 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 to 1.0 | 2.1 | 0.043* |
| Abdomen/Arm extended ratio | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 3.2 to 3.4 | 3.6 ± 0.3 | 3.5 to 3.7 | −4.5 | < 0.001* |
| Skinfold Thickness (mm) | ||||||
| Triceps | 8.3 ± 4.5 | 7.3 to 9.5 | 17.3 ± 8.0 | 14.6 to 19.7 | −7.2 | < 0.001* |
| Subscapular | 18.8 ± 7.5 | 16.7 to 20.7 | 23.4 ± 8.9 | 20.5 to 26.2 | −2.8 | 0.006* |
| Suprailiac | 15.6 ± 8.7 | 13.4 to 17.7 | 24.5 ± 9.1 | 21.5 to 27.2 | −5.0 | < 0.001* |
| Horizontal abdomen | 19.0 ± 8.7 | 17.0 to 21.2 | 24.8 ± 8.8 | 22.0 to 27.5 | −3.3 | 0.002* |
| Thigh | 11.9 ± 8.4 | 9.9 to 14.1 | 24.4 ± 11.1 | 20.7 to 27.6 | −6.4 | < 0.001* |
| Medial calf | 5.7 ± 4.5 | 4.6 to 7.0 | 14.0 ± 7.6 | 11.5 to 16.3 | −6.9 | < 0.001* |
| Subscapular/Medial calf ratio | 4.8 ± 3.6 | 4.0 to 5.7 | 3.2 ± 4.6 | 2.0 to 4.8 | 2.0 | 0.044* |
| Suprailiac/Triceps ratio | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 1.8 to 2.3 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.4 to 1.8 | 3.0 | 0.004* |
| Abdomen/Thigh ratio | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 1.8 to 2.3 | 1.3 ± 1.0 | 1.0 to 1.6 | 3.7 | < 0.001* |
| Sum Sk Trunk/Apen | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 2.2 to 2.7 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 1.3 to 1.8 | 4.7 | < 0.001* |
Note: HIV Human Immunodeficiency virus, Aids Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; 95% CI: Confidence interval; Signal aMann Whitnney test; Signal *: p < 0,05; FMR Fat Mass Ratio, DXA Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry, cART Combined Antiretroviral Therapy, PI Protease Inhibitor, Sum SK Trunk/Apen Sum of Skinfold thickness of Trunk (abdomen+subscapular+suprailiac) to sum appendicular Skinfold Thickness (triceps+thigh+medial calf) ratio