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. 2018 Jun 27;18:801. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5667-3

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© The Author(s). 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Analytical framework for the 2–2-1 multilevel mediation model proposed, using systolic blood pressure (SBP) as an outcome. a: Total effects of Carstairs (exposure) on SBP (outcome) without the inclusion of the mediators (path c). b: Direct effects of Carstairs on SBP, net of physical environment (mediators, paths c’, a₁-a₇, and b₁-b₇)