Table 2.

Bivariate associations between Carstairs index and physical environment variables (N = 4929 neighborhoods)

	Carstairs index
	Estimate	SE	95%CI
Sulphur dioxide (SO2, μg/m3)a	0.33	0.02	0.29, 0.37
Particulate matter (PM10, μg/m3)a	0.32	0.02	0.28, 0.36
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2, mg/m3)a	0.11	0.01	0.10, 0.12
Carbon monoxide (CO, μg/m3)a	24.51	0.65	23.22, 25.79
%Green space	−0.055	0.001	−0.058, − 0.052
Proximity to industrial facilitiesb	1.01	0.24	0.54, 1.48

^aPopulation weighted, annual averages

^bProportion of neighborhood residents living within 4 Km of a waste site and/or 1.6 Km from a metal processing/production site