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A nomogram to predict the invasiveness of GGNs. The nomogram is based on the radiomic features of pure or mixed lesions (PM) and fractal dimension (FD) of the primary cohort. The probability of each GGN value is marked on each axis. The FD value of the preinvasive lesions in the validation cohort was 0.79 ± 0.11, and the FD value of the IPAs in the validation cohort was 0.94 ± 0.17.
