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. 2018 Jun 28;91(2):105–127.

Table 3. Summary of studies investigating association between lettuce and spinach intake and BC risk.

Food item Author, year Design Cohort/Location Menopausal status Adjusted intake (g/d) Estimated flavonoid contribution (mg/d) Outcome OR/HR/RR (95%CI)
Lettucea
Farvid, 2016 [134] Cohort NHS Pre 9.6 Apigenin, 0 – 0.012 Adolescent intake; No association OR= 0.99 (0.95-1.04)
Luteolin, 0 – 0.091
Kaempferol, 0.001 – 0.014
Myricetin, 0 – 0.006 Early adult intake; No association OR= 1.00 (0.98-1.01)
Quercetin, 0.14 – 0.73
Jung, 2013 [135] Pooled cohort Pooled analysis of 20 cohort studies All 56 Apigenin, 0 – 0.073 ER-; Decreased risk RR= 0.91 (0.84-0.98)
Luteolin, 0 – 0.532
Kaempferol, 0.006 – 0.084 ER+; No association RR= 1.01 (0.97-1.05)
Myricetin, 0 – 0.039
Quercetin, 0.80 – 4.26
Katsouyanni, 1986 [142] Case-control Athens, Greece All 12 Apigenin, 0 – 0.016 Decreased risk OR= 0.75 (0.59-0.95)
Luteolin, 0 – 0.114
Kaempferol, 0.001 – 0.018
Myricetin, 0 – 0.008
Quercetin, 0.17 – 0.91
Huang, 2004 [143] Case-control Nagoya, Japan All ≥14.4 Apigenin, 0 – 0.018 Fam Hx-; No Association OR= 0.98 (0.88-1.09)
Luteolin, 0 – 0.137
Kaempferol, 0.001 – 0.022
Myricetin, 0 – 0.01 Fam Hx+; No association OR= 0.98 (0.62-1.53)
Quercetin, 0.20 – 1.10
Spinach
Boggs, 2010 [133] Cohort Black Women’s Health Study All 12 Luteolin, 0.089 No association RR= 0.79 90.62-1.00)
Pre Kaempferol, 0.766 No association RR= 0.73 (0.51-1.05)
Post Myricetin, 0.042 No association RR= 0.84 (0.59-1.19)
Quercetin, 0.476
Farvid, 2016 [134] Cohort NHS Pre 8 Luteolin, 0.059 Adolescent intake; No association HR= 1.09 (0.98-1.21)
Kaempferol, 0.51
Myricetin, 0.028
Quercetin, 0.318 Early adult intake; No association HR= 0.99 (0.92-1.06)
Jung, 2013 [135] Pooled cohort Pooled analysis of 20 cohort studies All 15 Luteolin, 0.111 ER-; No association RR= 0.91 (0.80-1.04)
Kaempferol, 0.957
Myricetin, 0.052
Quercetin, 0.596 ER+; No association RR= 1.00 (0.90-1.11)
Longnecker, 1997 [144] Case-control North East U.S.A. All ≥8.75 Luteolin, ≥0.065 Decreased risk RR= 0.64 (0.43-0.94)
Kaempferol, ≥0.56
Myricetin, ≥0.031
Quercetin, ≥0.347

aRanges for lettuce flavonoid load due to differences in content between butterhead, romaine, green leaf, red leaf, and iceberg varieties.

HHS Vulnerability Disclosure