Table 5. Summary of studies investigating association between apple intake and BC risk.

Author, year	Design	Cohort/Location	Menopausal status	Adjusted intake (g/d)	Estimated flavonoid contribution (mg/d)a	Outcome	OR/HR/RR (95%CI)
Adebamowo, 2005 [129]	Cohort	NHS II	Pre	149-223	E3G, 0 – 0.022	No association	RR= 1.16 (0.77-1.76)
					EGCG, 0.17 – 4.30
					Luteolin, 0 – 0.022
					Myricetin, 0 – 0.022
					Quercetin, 3.5 – 8.6
Boggs, 2010 [133]	Cohort	Black Women’s Health Study	All	59.6-89.2	E3G, 0 – 0.009	No association	RR= 1.02 (0.83-1.25)
			Pre		EGCG, 0.07 – 1.72	No association	RR= 1.04 (0.76-1.41)
			Post		Luteolin, 0 – 0.009	No association	RR= 0.99 (0.72-1.36)
					Myricetin, 0 – 0.009
					Quercetin, 1.40 – 3.44
Farvid, 2016 [134]	Cohort	NHS	Pre	39.7-59.5	E3G, 0 – 0.006	Adolescent intake; Decreased risk	RR= 0.93 (0.87-0.99)
					EGCG, 0.04 – 1.15
					Luteolin, 0 – 0.006
					Myricetin, 0 – 0.006	Early adult intake; No association	RR= 0.99 (0.87-0.99)
					Quercetin, 0.932 – 2.30
Jung, 2013 [135]	Pooled cohort	Pooled analysis of 20 cohort studies	All	138	E3G, 0 – 0.014	ER-; Decreased risk	RR= 0.92 (0.85-0.99)
					EGCG, 0.15 – 2.66
					Luteolin, 0 – 0.014	ER+; No association	RR= 0.98 (0.94-1.02)
					Myricetin, 0 – 0.014
					Quercetin, 3.24 – 5.33
Malin, 2003 [148]	Case-control	Shanghai, China	All	57	E3G, 0 – 0.006	No association	OR= 0.86 (0.66-1.11)
					EGCG, 0.63 – 1.10
					Luteolin, 0 – 0.006
					Myricetin, 0 – 0.006
					Quercetin, 1.34 – 2.20
Gallus, 2005 [160]	Case-control	Italy	All	149-223	E3G, 0 – 0.022	Decreased risk	OR= 0.82 (0.73-0.92)
					EGCG, 0.17 – 4.30
					Luteolin, 0 – 0.022
					Myricetin, 0 – 0.022
					Quercetin, 3.5 – 8.6

^aRanges b/c FFQ failed to differentiate Large (223g) vs. Medium (182g) and Small (149g) apples and due to differences in content between Fuji, Gala, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Red Delicious varieties; E3G, (-)-Epicatechin 3-gallate; EGCG, (-)-Epigallocatechin 3-gallate.