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. 2018 Jun 20;9:1293. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01293

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Copyright © 2018 Shah, Imami and Johnson.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Advancing pregnancy is associated with greater IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-4, and granzyme B ELISpot responses. (A) Summary heat-map of gestation specific median ELISpot responses to antigens/peptides as well as overall mean response for each analyte. The individual scales used for each cytokine is shown with the threshold of 20 spot forming cells (SFC)/10⁶ PBMC indicated using a dashed line. The heat-map was generated and analyzed using SPICE (30). (B) ELISpot responses to measles and (C) CMV whole lysates. Columns indicate median and interquartile range. Gestation at sampling is indicated in pregnancy (●): < 20⁺⁰ weeks (N = 42), 28 weeks (N = 35), 34 weeks (N = 33), at delivery (N = 24), 24 h post-delivery (N = 22), 6–8 weeks postnatal (N = 13). Non-pregnant controls are depicted as (N = 14). A dashed line represents <20 SFC/10⁶. P values are two tailed and significance is defined as *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01. Non-pregnant and baseline pregnant data analyzed by Mann–Whitney U test. Longitudinal data analyzed by generalized linear mixed effects model with gamma log-link and pairwise multiple comparisons of estimated marginal means with sequential Bonferroni correction.

Inline graphic — Advancing pregnancy is associated with greater IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-4, and granzyme B ELISpot responses. (A) Summary heat-map of gestation specific median ELISpot responses to antigens/peptides as well as overall mean response for each analyte. The individual scales used for each cytokine is shown with the threshold of 20 spot forming cells (SFC)/10⁶ PBMC indicated using a dashed line. The heat-map was generated and analyzed using SPICE (30). (B) ELISpot responses to measles and (C) CMV whole lysates. Columns indicate median and interquartile range. Gestation at sampling is indicated in pregnancy (●): < 20⁺⁰ weeks (N = 42), 28 weeks (N = 35), 34 weeks (N = 33), at delivery (N = 24), 24 h post-delivery (N = 22), 6–8 weeks postnatal (N = 13). Non-pregnant controls are depicted as (N = 14). A dashed line represents <20 SFC/10⁶. P values are two tailed and significance is defined as *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01. Non-pregnant and baseline pregnant data analyzed by Mann–Whitney U test. Longitudinal data analyzed by generalized linear mixed effects model with gamma log-link and pairwise multiple comparisons of estimated marginal means with sequential Bonferroni correction.