Table 1.
Characteristics of participants.
| Characteristics | Total | Male | Female | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 559 | 294 | 265 | / |
| Age (year) | 20.2 ± 2.9 | 20.0 ± 3.0 | 20.4 ± 2.8 | 0.11 |
| sleep hours (h/day) | 8.20 ± 1.25 | 8.17 ± 1.17 | 8.24 ± 1.34 | 0.501 |
| Smoke (n (%)) | 109 (19.5%) | 75 (25.5%) | 34 (12.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Moderate to high activity (h/week) | 2.2 ± 1.9 | 3.2 ± 3.8 | 1.7 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 |
| Total caloric intake(kcal/day) | 1548.7 ± 562.5 | 1668.1 ± 598.9 | 1422.2 ± 491.7 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.7 ± 5.7 | 27.0 ± 5.8 | 24.3 ± 5.3 | < 0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 85.2 ± 14.6 | 90.5 ± 14.6 | 79.3 ± 12.1 | < 0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 115 ± 14 | 121 ± 14 | 108 ± 11 | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73 ± 10 | 76 ± 10 | 70 ± 10 | < 0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L)* | 0.91 (0.67–1.31) | 0.96 (0.68–1.52) | 0.84 (0.66–1.20) | 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.35 ± 0.92 | 4.29 ± 0.86 | 4.41 ± 0.99 | 0.131 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.53 ± 0.79 | 2.56 ± 0.72 | 2.50 ± 0.86 | 0.371 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.44 ± 0.32 | 1.34 ± 0.28 | 1.54 ± 0.34 | < 0.001 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 4.92 ± 0.69 | 5.00 ± 0.86 | 4.82 ± 0.41 | 0.001 |
| 2 h-glucose (mmol/L) | 6.06 ± 1.84 | 6.17 ± 2.07 | 5.95 ± 1.54 | 0.179 |
| Fasting insulin (mIU/L)* | 6.9 (4.1–11.5) | 7.2 (4.3–12.0) | 6.5 (3.9–11.2) | 0.236 |
| 2 h-insulin (mIU/L)* | 37.37 (23.2–59.0) | 36.9 (20.7–60.7) | 38.3 (24.2–57.6) | 0.468 |
| HOMA-IR* | 1.48 (0.86–2.54) | 1.58 (0.91–2.70) | 1.39 (0.80–2.33) | 0.146 |
| Adiponectin (ug/mL)* | 7.09 (4.97–10.24) | 6.47 (4.11–9.18) | 7.72 (5.84–11.01) | < 0.001 |
| IVSDT (cm) | 0.89 ± 0.12 | 0.93 ± 0.12 | 0.85 ± 0.10 | < 0.001 |
| LVEDD (cm) | 4.42 ± 0.49 | 4.65 ± 0.45 | 4.17 ± 0.40 | < 0.001 |
| LVPWT (cm) | 0.89 ± 0.11 | 0.94 ± 0.10 | 0.84 ± 0.10 | < 0.001 |
| LVM (g) | 133.1 ± 39.1 | 153.4 ± 36.9 | 111.7 ± 28.4 | < 0.001 |
| LVM index (g/m2.7) | 31.51 ± 8.00 | 33.23 ± 8.32 | 29.71 ± 7.23 | < 0.001 |
Abbreviations: WC waist circumstance, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, TG triglycerides, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, FBG fasting blood glucose, IVSDT inter ventricular septal diastolic thickness, LVEDD left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, LVPWT left ventricular posterior wall thickness, LVM left ventricular mass.
All values were reported as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) or number of subjects (%). P values are for the sex differences. *Variables were ln-transformed before analysis.