Table 3. Suboptimal Neurological Development at 8 Month and 4 Years of Age by Perinatal Problems.
| Birth Weight | Head circumference | 5-min Apgar scores | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | Low | Normal | Small | Normal | Low | ||||||
| Suboptimal Neurobehavioral Development | (n=1764) N (%) | (n=308) N (%) | AOR (95% CI) | p-value | (n=1617) N (%) value | (n=455) value | AOR (95% CI) p- | p-value | (n=1882) N (%) | (n=190) N (%) | AOR (95% CI) p-value |
| 8 Mo Mentala | 92 (5.2) | 78 (25.3) | 6.3 (4.4-8.9) | 0.0001 | 92 (5.7) | 78 (17.1) | 3.6 (2.5-5.0) | 0.0002 | 132 (7.0) | 38 (20.0) | 3.5 (2.3-5.3) |
| 8 Mo Fine Motora | 220 (12.5) | 115 (37.3) | 4.3 (3.2-5.7) | 0.0001 | 200 (12.4) | 135 (29.4) | 3.4 (2.6-4.5) | .0002 | 281 (14.9) | 54 (28.4) | 2.4 (1.7-3.4) |
| 8 Mo Gross Motora | 294 (16.7) | 128 (41.6) | 3.4 (2.6-4.5) | 0.0001 | 268 (16.6) | 154 (33.8) | 2.7 (2.1-3.4) | 0.0002 | 359 (19.1) | 63 (33.2) | 2.1 (1.5-2.9) |
| 8 Mo Social & Emotionala | 151 (8.6) | 56 (18.2) | 2.3 (1.6-3.3) | 0.0001 | 136 (8.4) | 71 (15.6) | 2.0 (1.4-2.7) | 0.0002 | 174 (9.2) | 33 (17.4) | 2.1 (1.4-3.3) |
| Suboptimal Neurobehavioral Development | (n=1753) N (%) | (n=305) N (%) | AOR (95% CI) | p-value | (n=1603) N (%) value | (n=452) N (%) | AOR (95% CI) p- | p-value | (n=1867) N (%) | (n=190) N (%) | AOR (95% CI) p-value |
| 4 Yr Fine Motora | 587 (33.5) | 139 (45.6) | 1.6 (1.2-2.0) | 0.0001 | 533 (33.3) | 193(42.7) | 1.4 (1.1-1.8) | 0.003 | 641 (34.3) | 85 (44.7) | 1.5 (1.1-2.0) |
| 4 Yr Gross Motora | 98 (5.6) | 41 (13.4) | 2.8 (1.8-4.2) | 0.0001 | 93 (5.8) | 46 (10.1) | 1.9 (1.3-2.8) | 0.002 | 116 (6.2) | 23 (12.1) | 2.2 (1.4-3.7) |
| 4 Yr Concept Formationa | 233 (13.3) | 52 (17.0) | 1.4 (1.0-2.0) | 0.03 | 209 (13.0) | 76 (16.8) | 1.5 (1.2-2.1) | 0.004 | 252 (13.5) | 33 (17.4) | 1.4 (.93-2.1) |
| 4 Yr Intelligenceb | 288 (16.4) | 80 (26.2) | 1.8 (1.3-2.4) | 0.0002 | 260 (16.2) | 108(23.9) | 1.7 (1.3-2.2) | 323 (17.3) | 42 (21.1) | 1.9 (1.4-2.5) | |
NB: All tests were administered by child psychologists. N may vary due to missing values (4.6% - 3.4% were missing) AOR = adjusted odd ratios. CI = confidence interval. Poverty, sex and race were statistically controlled for.
a
abnormal or suspect;
b
borderline or mentally defective.