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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jun 27.
Published in final edited form as: J Psychol Abnorm Child. 2014 Aug 4;3(3):127. doi: 10.4172/2329-9525.1000127

Table 5. Abnormality in Language, Hearing, and Speech at 3 Years of Age by Perinatal Problems (N=1956).

Low Birth Weight Small Head Circumference Low 5-min Apgar scores
AOR (95% CI) p-value AOR (95% CI) p-value AOR (95% CI) p-value
Language perception 1.6 (1.3-2.1) p = .0001 2.0 (1.6-2.5) p < .0001 1.5 (1.1-2.1) p = .011
Language expression 1.5 (1.2-2.0) p = .002 1.9 (1.5-2.4) p < .0001 1.6 (1.2-2.2) p = .003
Hearing 1.2 (.88-1.6) p = .24 1.4 (1.1-1.8) p = .02 1.4 (.92-2.0) p = .12
Speech mechanism 1.2 (.85-1.6) p = .36 1.4 (1.1-1.9) p = .006 1.2 (.80-1.7) p = .41
Speech production 1.4 (1.1-1.8) p = .02 1.3 (1.1-1.7) p = .01 1.3 (.93-1.8) p = .13
Global scoring 1.6 (1.2-2.1) p = .001 2.0 (1.6-2.5) p < .0001 1.3 (.96-1.8) p = .09

NB: N may vary due to missing values (7.6% - 9.1%).

AOR = adjusted odd ratios. CI = confidence interval.

Poverty, sex and race were statistically controlled for.