Table I.
The diverse anti-cancer properties of phytochemicals are driven by dose and model system.
| Cancer/Model Type | Cell Line/Animal Model | Concentration/Dose | Phytochemical | Reference | Process/es Affected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bladder | T24 cells | 5–20μM | SFN | Shan, Sun (98) | A1 |
| Breast | SUM159 xeonograph mouse model | 50mg/kg | SFN | Li, Fu (96), (126) | CSCs2 |
| Breast | PyMT transgenic mice | 8mmol/kg | PEITC | Singh and Singh (83) | CSCs2 |
| Breast | MDA-MB-231 | 30μM | SFN | Kanematsu, Uehara (104) | A1 |
| Colon | COLO 25 | 10μM, 50μM | UA | Chun, Kundu (198) | AI3 |
| Colon | DSS-induced acute murine colitis model | 10mg/kg, 20mg/kg | UA | Chun, Lee (20) | AI3 |
| Colon | ApcMin/+ mouse model | 3–13nmol/g | SFN | Hu, Khor (40) | A1, AI3 |
| Colon | (DSS)-induced acute colitis mouse model | 25mg/kg/day | SFN | Wagner, Will (61) | NMAS4 |
| Colorectal | Caco-2 cells | 5μM, 10μM | UA | Ramos, Pereira-Wilson (21) | NMAS4 |
| Colorectal | HT29 cells | 25μM, 50μM | PEITC, SFN | Jeong, Kim (56) | A1, AI3 |
| Colorectal | Caco-2 cells | 25μM, 75μM | SFN | Wang, Chen (102) | NMAS4, A1 (respectively) |
| Colorectal | CRC cells | 12.5μM, 25μM | SFN | Chen, Tang (103) | A1 |
| Gastro-intestinal related | Rat | 40μmol/kg/day | SFN | Munday and Munday (45) | NMAS4 |
| Glioma | A375 cells | 10μM | UA, OA | Bonaccorsi, Altieri (25) | CSCs2 |
| Human study | PBMC | 105mg | SFN | Myzak, Tong (69) | EM5 |
| Laryngeal carcinoma | Hep-2 | 10μM | PEITC | Dai, Wang (93) | A1 |
| Leukemia | HL60, U-937, THP-1 cells | 10μM, 20μM, 30μM | UA | Zhang, He (26) | CSCs2 |
| Leukemia | Promyelocytic leukemic cells | 0.2–100μM | SFN | Fimognari, Lenzi (80) | CSCs2 |
| Liver | Male Wistar rat model | 20mg/kg | UA, OA | Gayathri, Priya (17) | NMAS4 |
| Liver | HepG2 cells and Hepatocytes | 1–10μM | SFN | Bacon, Williamson (46) | NMAS4 |
| Liver | HepG2 cells | 2μM-20μM | SFN | Hong, Freeman (51) | NMAS4 |
| LPS-stimulated Inflammation | RAW 264.7 cells | 25μM, 50μM | SFN | Heiss and Gerhauser (57) | AI3 |
| Melanoma | U87 cells | 15μM | UA, OA | Bonaccorsi, Altieri (25) | CSCs2 |
| Neuronal related | PC12 cells | 20μM, 40μM | UA, OA | Tsai and Yin (22) | CSCs2, NMAS4 |
| Non-small cell lung | A549 Nude Mouse Model | 50mg/kg, 100mg/kg | UA, OA | Cho, Rho (12) | A1 |
| Non-small cell lung | H1299 and A549 cells | 30μM | UA | Wu, Zhao (23) | EM5 |
| Non-small cell lung | L9981 cells | 12.5μM, 20μM | PEITC | Yan, Zhu (94) | A1 |
| Non-small cell lung | L9981 cells | 5μM, 9.7μM | PEITC | Wu, Zhu (95) | AI3 |
| Non-small cell lung | A549 cells | 30μM | SFN | Zuryn, Litwiniec (101) | A1 |
| Ovarian | SKOV3 xenograft athymic BALB/c-nu mouse model | 12.5–50μg/mL | UA | Zhang, Wang (27) | CSCs2 |
| Pancreatic | AsPC-1, MIA, PaCa-2, Panc-28 cells | 5–20μM | UA | Prasad, Yadav (16) | A1, AI3 |
| Pancreatic | Orthotopic Pancreatic Mouse Model | 250mg/kg | UA | Prasad, Yadav (16) | A1, AI3 |
| Prostate | PC3 cells | 80μM | UA | Zhang, Kong (199) | A1, AI3 |
| Prostate | PC3 cells, LNCaP cells | 55μM, 45μM | OA | Kassi, Papoutsi (15) | A1 |
| Prostate | PC3 cells | 20μM & 30μM, 5μM & 7.5μM | SFN, PEITC | Xu, Shen (55) | AI3 |
| Prostate | LNCaP and PC3 cells | 15μM | SFN | Wong, Hsu (63) | EM5 |
| Prostate | TRAMPC1 cells | 1μM, 2.5μM | SFN | Zhang, Su (66) | EM5 |
| Prostate | LNCaP | 0.5–1μM | PEITC | Wang, Beklemisheva (200) | A1, EM5 |
| Prostate | LNCaP, PC3 | 2.5μM | PEITC | Zhang, Shu (74) | EM5 |
| Prostate | DU145 cells, PC3 cells | 10μM, 20μM, 40μM | SFN | Singh, Srivastava (97) | A1 |
| Prostate | BPH-1, LNCaP, PC3 | 15μM | SFN | Myzak, Hardin (70) | A1, EM5 |
| Skin | ICR Mouse Model | 2μmol topical application | UA | Cho, Rho (12) | AI3 |
| Skin | Ca3/7 cells | 5μM, 10μM | UA, OA | Kowalczyk, Walaszek (18) | NMAS4, AI3 |
| Skin | JB6 P+ mouse epidermal cells | 5μM | UA | Kim, Ramirez (201) | EM5 |
| Skin | Nrf2 (+/+) and Nrf2 (−/−) mice | 100nmol topical application | SFN | Saw, Huang (62) | NMAS4, AI3 |
| Skin | JB6 P+ mouse epidermal cells | 2.5μM, 5μM | SFN | Su, Zhang (202) | EM5 |
| T-cell lymphoma | Hut-78 cells | 10–80μM | UA | Yang, Shi ÜU | A1 |
| Thyroid | ARO cells | 20μM | UA, OA | Bonaccorsi, Altieri (25) | CSCs2 |
| Thyroid | MTC-SK cells | 10μM, 20μM | UA | Aguiriano-Moser, Svejda (13) | A1 |
| Immune | Activated T cells, B cells, and macrophages | 5μM | UA | Checker, Sandur(19) | AI3 |
| Anti-oxidative Stress | Nrf2 (+/+) and Nrf2 (−/−) mice | 40mg/kg | PEITC | Hu, Xu (48) | NMAS4 |
| Neuronal | Astrocytes | 5–15μM, 50–100μM | Curcumin | Scapagnini, Colombrita (117) | NMAS4, A1 (respectively) |
| Differentiation | Neuronal stem cells | 0.5μM | Curcumin | Chen, Wang (132) | CSCs2 |
| Differentiation | Embryonic stem cells | 10μM | Curcumin | Mujoo, Nikonoff (133) | CSCs2 |
| Bone | HFOb 1.9 cells | 25μM | Curcumin | Chan, Wu (141) | A1 |
| Leukemia | HL60 cells | 25μM | Curcumin | Chen, Wanming (142) | AI3,NMAS4 |
| Fibrosarcoma | HT1080 cells | 8μM | Curcumin | Sun, Ross (150)) | A1 |
| Colon | HT29 cells | 2.5μM, 5μM | Curcumin | Guo, Shu (139) | EM5 |
| Prostate | LNCaP cells | 2.5μM | Curcumin | Shu, Khor (153)) | EM5 |
| Prostate | TRAMPC1 cells | 10μM | Curcumin | Khor, Huang (151) | EM5 |
| Breast | MCF7 and MDA MB 231 cells | 10μM | Curcumin | Mirza, Sharma (154) | EM5 |
1
Apoptosis
2
Cancer Stem Cells
3
Anti-inflammation
4
Nrf2-mediated ARE Signaling
5
Epigenetic Modulation