Wing length |
Wing ruler |
Flattened wing chord from carpal joint to longest primary (P10). |
Length of T6 |
Tail ruler |
Distance from point of insertion to tip of the outermost tail feather (T6). |
Length of T1 |
Tail ruler |
Distance from point of insertion to tip of the innermost tail feather (T1). |
Bill length |
Dial/vernier callipers |
Distance on a horizontal plane from front curve of upper mandible to distalmost crown feathers. |
Bill width |
Dial/vernier callipers |
Width at distalmost crown feathers. |
Bill depth |
Dial/vernier callipers |
Depth (height) of both mandibles at the distalmost crown feathers, including nostrils (nasal tubes). |
Arch length |
Dial/vernier callipers |
Distance from the apex of the lower mandible rami to the distalmost throat feathers. |
Head length |
Dial/vernier callipers |
Distance from the front curve of upper mandible to the supraoccipital. |
Tarsus length |
Dial/vernier callipers |
Distance from the notch between the digits and the tarsometatarsus to the notch between the tarsometatarsus and the tibiotarsus. |