Table 1.
Distribution of maternal and infant characteristics by milk type for 183 late preterm infants admitted to the mother-baby unit
| Milk Type | Breastfeeding Only (n=27) n (%) |
Breastfeeding Supplemented With Human Milk (n=20) n (%) |
Breastfeeding Supplemented with Any Formula (n=93) n (%) |
Formula Only (n=43) n (%) |
Total (n=183) n (% of total) |
pa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Age | 0.67 | |||||
| < 24 years | 10 (37.0) | 10 (50.0) | 31 (33.3) | 16 (37.2) | 67 (36.6) | |
| 25 to 34 years | 15 (55.6) | 7 (35.0) | 46 (49.5) | 22 (51.2) | 90 (49.2) | |
| ≥ 35 years | 2 (7.4) | 3 (15.0) | 16 (17.0) | 5 (11.6) | 26 (14.2) | |
| Maternal Race | 0.04 | |||||
| White | 16 (59.3) | 11 (55.0) | 40 (43.0) | 12 (27.9) | 79 (43.0) | |
| Non-white | 11 (40.7) | 9 (45.0) | 53 (57.0) | 31 (72.1) | 104 (56.8) | |
| Medical Insurance | 0.13 | |||||
| Other Payor | 12 (44.4) | 7 (35.0) | 31 (33.3) | 8 (18.6) | 58 (31.7) | |
| Medicaid | 15 (55.6) | 13 (65.0) | 62 (66.7) | 35 (81.4) | 125 (68.3) | |
| Parity | 0.002 | |||||
| > 1 | 22 (81.5) | 7 (35.0) | 55 (59.1) | 33 (76.7) | 117 (63.9) | |
| 1 | 5 (18.5) | 13 (65.0) | 38 (40.9) | 10 (23.3) | 66 (36.1) | |
| Cesarean | 0.76 | |||||
| Yes | 8 (29.6) | 4 (20.0) | 25 (26.9) | 14 (32.6) | 51 (27.9) | |
| No | 19 (70.4) | 16 (80.0) | 68 (73.1) | 29 (67.4) | 132 (72.1) | |
| Labor Induction | 0.21 | |||||
| Yes | 2 (7.4) | 6 (30.0) | 20 (21.5) | 11 (25.6) | 39 (21.3) | |
| No | 25 (92.6) | 14 (70.0) | 73 (78.5) | 32 (74.4) | 144 (78.7) | |
| Hypertension | 0.09 | |||||
| Yes | 6 (22.2) | 9 (45.0) | 30 (32.3) | 21 (48.8) | 66 (36.1) | |
| No | 21 (77.8) | 11 (55.0) | 63 (67.7) | 22 (51.2) | 117 (63.9) | |
| Gestational Diabetes | 0.72b | |||||
| Yes | 2 (7.4) | 2 (10.0) | 15 (16.1) | 7 (16.3) | 26 (14.2) | |
| No | 25 (92.6) | 18 (90.0) | 78 (83.9) | 36 (83.7) | 157 (85.8) | |
| Obesityc | 0.61 | |||||
| Body mass index ≥30 | 18 (66.7) | 9 (47.4) | 56 (61.5) | 24 (60.0) | 107 (60.5) | |
| Body mass index <30 | 9 (33.3) | 10 (52.6) | 35 (38.5) | 16 (40.0) | 70 (39.6) | |
| Smoking | 0.62b | |||||
| Yes | 1 (3.7) | 2 (10.0) | 6 (6.5) | 5 (11.6) | 14 (7.7) | |
| No | 26 (96.3) | 18 (90.0) | 87 (93.6) | 38 (88.4) | 169 (92.4) | |
| Gestational Age | 0.49 | |||||
| 35 weeks | 4 (14.8) | 4 (20.0) | 24 (25.8) | 13 (30.2) | 45 (24.6) | |
| 36 weeks | 23 (85.2) | 16 (80.0) | 69 (74.2) | 30 (69.8) | 138 (75.4) | |
| Small for Gestational Age | 0.88b | |||||
| Yes | 1 (3.7) | 2 (10.0) | 8 (8.6) | 3 (7.0) | 14 (7.7) | |
| No | 26 (96.3) | 18 (90.0) | 85 (91.4) | 40 (93.0) | 169 (92.4) | |
| Hyperbilirubinemia | 0.49 | |||||
| Yes | 8 (29.6) | 10 (50.0) | 33 (35.5) | 14 (32.6) | 65 (35.5) | |
| No | 19 (70.4) | 10 (50.0) | 60 (64.5) | 29 (67.4) | 118 (64.5) | |
| Hypoglycemia | 0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 2 (7.4) | 10 (50.0) | 34 (36.6) | 6 (14.0) | 52 (28.4) | |
| No | 25 (92.6) | 10 (50.0) | 59 (63.4) | 37 (86.1) | 131 (71.6) | |
| Difficulty Breastfeeding | 0.12b | |||||
| Yes | 0 (0.0) | 2 (10.0) | 5 (5.4) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (3.8) | |
| No | 27 (100.0) | 18 (90.0) | 88 (94.6) | 43 (100.0) | 176 (96.2) | |
| Reason for Supplementation | <0.0001 | |||||
| Physician Order | 0 (0.0) | 14 (70.0) | 21 (22.6) | 0 (0.0) | 35 (19.1) | |
| Maternal Request | 0 (0.0) | 2 (10.0) | 45 (48.4) | 0 (0.0) | 47 (25.7) | |
| Unknown Reason | 0 (0.0) | 4 (20.0) | 27 (29.0) | 0 (0.0) | 31 (16.9) | |
| Not Supplemented | 27 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 43 (100.0) | 70 (38.3) | |
| Breastfeeding Status at Hospital Discharge | <0.0001 | |||||
| Exclusive Breastfeeding | 27 (100.0) | 20 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0(0.0) | 47 (25.7) | |
| Supplemented Breastfeeding | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 78 (83.9) | 3 (7.0) | 81 (44.3) | |
| Formula Feeding | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (16.1) | 40 (93.0) | 55 (30.1) |
a
Chi-square test, except where otherwise noted;
b
Fisher’s exact test;
c
Six patients were missing information on body mass index.