Fig. 4.

Overexpression of OsMDHAR4 showed increased sensitivity to heat stress. a Transcript level of OsMDHAR4 was measured by qRT-PCR in two OsMDHAR4-overexpresing lines (OsMDHAR4-OE-1 and OsMDHAR4-OE-5, ZH11 background). The rice Actin1 gene was used as the internal control. Error bars indicate the SE based on three biological replicates.*, P < 0.05, by Student’s t-test. b 5.5- to 6.5-leaf stage ZH11 and OsMDHAR4-overexpressing plants were subjected to 45 °C high temperature environment for 48 h, followed by growing in normal conditions for 7 d. Surviving seedlings were photographed. c Comparison of the survival rates of ZH11 and OsMDHAR4-overexpressing plants after heat stress. Error bars indicated the SE based on three biological replicates. *, P < 0.05, by Student’s t-test. d Water loss from detached leaves of ZH11and OsMDHAR4-overexpressing plants at indicated time points. FW, Fresh Weight