Fig. 5.

PDMF activates proapoptotic caspases in A549 cells. a The protein levels of cleaved caspase-9, caspase-3, and caspase-8 were analyzed by western blot analysis. GAPDH served as a loading control. b, c, and d, The relative protein levels of cleaved caspase-9, caspase-3, and caspase-8 were quantified upon normalization with those of GAPDH. The values are the mean ± SD of three different experiments. ^* P < 0.05 indicate significant differences compared with vehicle