Table 2. Comparisons of clinical and laboratory profiles in cases with a single respiratory virus infection.
| Variable | IFA | IFB | RSV A | RSV B | PIV | hCV | hRV | hEV | AdV | hBV | hMPV |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 114 (6.5) | 55 (3.1) | 297 (17) | 211 (12.1) | 176 (10.1) | 58 (3.3) | 326 (18.7) | 113 (6.5) | 210 (12.0) | 57 (3.3) | 130 (7.4) | |
| Age (mo) | 51.5±44.1* | 59.8±43.5* | 12.2±13.4* | 15.7±19.0* | 20.3±21.0* | 22.9±28.6 | 30.4±33.0 | 35.2±29.7† | 40.3±29.4* | 16.4±7.4* | 27.1±28.3 |
| ≤1 yr | 24 (21.1) | 10 (18.2) | 182 (61.3) | 112 (53.1) | 79 (43.2) | 24 (41.4) | 110 (33.7) | 24 (21.2) | 30 (14.3) | 17 (29.8) | 38 (29.2) |
| 1–3 yr | 29 (25.4) | 9 (16.4) | 101 (34.0) | 81 (38.4) | 70 (39.8) | 22 (37.9) | 123 (37.7) | 45 (39.8) | 82 (39.0) | 39 (68.4) | 59 (45.4) |
| 3–7 yr | 35 (30.7) | 22 (40.0) | 12 (4.0) | 15 (7.1) | 24 (13.6) | 11 (19.0) | 69 (21.2) | 36 (31.9) | 83 (39.5) | 1 (1.8) | 27 (20.8) |
| 7–15 yr | 26 (22.8) | 14 (25.5) | 2 (0.7) | 3 (1.4) | 6 (3.4) | 1 (1.7) | 24 (7.4) | 8 (7.1) | 15 (7.1) | 0 (0) | 6 (4.6) |
| Comorbidity | |||||||||||
| Prematurity <36 wk | 2 (1.8) | 5 (9.1) | 11 (3.7) | 5 (2.4) | 11 (6.2) | 2 (3.4) | 17 (5.2) | 2 (1.8) | 6 (2.9) | 4 (7.0) | 8 (6.2) |
| Congenital heart disease | 2 (1.8) | 3 (5.5) | 7 (2.4) | 4 (1.9) | 7 (4.0) | 0 (0) | 12 (3.7) | 1 (0.9) | 3 (1.4) | 2 (3.5) | 3 (2.3) |
| Chronic lung disease | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.5) |
| Clinical manifestations | |||||||||||
| Fever >37.8°C | 108 (94.7)* | 51 (92.7)† | 174 (58.6) | 155 (73.5) | 156 (88.6)† | 48 (82.8) | 232 (71.2) | 111 (98.2)* | 197 (93.8)* | 50 (87.7) | 117 (90.0)† |
| Fever (−) | 6 (5.3) | 4 (7.3) | 123 (41.4)* | 56 (26.5)† | 20 (11.4) | 10 (17.2) | 94 (28.8)* | 2 (1.8) | 13 (6.2) | 7 (12.3) | 13 (10.0) |
| Fever >7 days | 9 (7.9) | 4 (7.3) | 15 (5.1) | 8 (3.8) | 25 (14.2)† | 3 (5.2) | 35 (10.7) | 12 (10.6) | 32 (15.2)† | 3 (5.3) | 13 (10.0) |
| Wheezing | 6 (5.3) | 3 (5.5) | 104 (35.0)* | 90 (42.7)* | 29 (16.5) | 7 (12.1) | 94 (28.8)† | 1 (0.9) | 12 (5.7) | 15 (26.3) | 29 (22.3) |
| Vomiting | 24 (21.1)† | 7 (12.7) | 19 (6.4) | 17 (8.1) | 22 (12.5) | 3 (5.2) | 34 (10.4) | 24 (21.2)† | 41 (19.5)† | 6 (10.5) | 8 (6.2) |
| Diarrhea | 5 (4.4) | 6 (10.9) | 15 (5.1) | 12 (5.7) | 19 (10.8) | 3 (5.2) | 19 (5.8) | 8 (7.1) | 30 (14.3)† | 6 (10.5) | 6 (4.6) |
| Headache | 7 (6.1) | 3 (5.5) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.9) | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 15 (4.6) | 19 (16.8)* | 13 (6.2)† | 0 (0) | 2 (1.5) |
| Laboratory findings | |||||||||||
| Blood cells | |||||||||||
| WBC≥10×103 (μL) | 28 (24.6) | 12 (21.8) | 159 (53.5) | 98 (46.4) | 73 (41.5) | 30 (51.7) | 197 (60.4)* | 69 (61.1)† | 136 (64.8)* | 34 (59.6) | 55 (42.3) |
| WBC≤4×103 (μL) | 8 (7.0)† | 5 (9.1)† | 4 (1.3) | 2 (0.9) | 8 (4.5) | 0 (0) | 11 (3.4) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.4) | 2 (3.5) | 6 (4.6) |
| ANC≤1×103 (μL) | 5 (4.4) | 4 (7.3) | 17 (5.7) | 18 (8.5) | 21 (11.9)* | 1 (1.7) | 6 (1.8) | 1 (0.9) | 2 (1.0) | 1 (1.8) | 7 (5.4) |
| NLR≥5 | 32 (28.1)* | 10 (18.2) | 8 (2.7) | 6 (2.8) | 2 (1.1) | 4 (6.9) | 45 (13.8)† | 29 (25.7)* | 39 (18.6)* | 2 (3.5) | 6 (4.6) |
| NLR≥3 | 48 (42.1)* | 20 (36.4)† | 22 (7.4) | 12 (5.7) | 16 (9.1) | 14 (24.1) | 81 (24.8) | 51 (45.1)* | 78 (37.1)* | 11 (19.3) | 13 (10.0) |
| NLR≤1 | 29 (25.4) | 15 (27.3) | 195 (65.7)* | 131 (62.1)* | 103 (58.5)* | 25 (43.1) | 108 (33.1) | 22 (19.5) | 37 (17.6) | 22 (38.6) | 72 (55.4)† |
| Monocytes≥1×103 (μL) | 36 (31.6) | 13 (23.6) | 167 (56.2)† | 131 (62.1)* | 85 (48.3) | 35 (60.3) | 143 (43.9) | 55 (48.7) | 125 (59.5)† | 31 (54.4) | 48 (36.9 |
| Eosinophils≥500 (μL) | 1 (0.9) | 1 (1.8) | 23 (7.7) | 13 (6.2) | 9 (5.1) | 5 (8.6) | 51 (15.6)* | 2 (1.8) | 7 (3.3) | 8 (14.0) | 1 (0.8) |
| Platelets≤100×103 (μL) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (5.2)* | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| AST≥60 IU (L) | 12 (10.5) | 4 (7.3) | 32 (10.8) | 12 (5.7) | 27 (15.3)† | 7 (12.1) | 21 (6.4) | 11 (9.7) | 11 (5.2) | 3 (5.3) | 13 (10.0) |
| ALT≥60 IU (L) | 3 (2.6) | 1 (1.8) | 18 (6.1)† | 6 (2.8) | 6 (3.4) | 4 (6.9) | 12 (3.7) | 5 (4.4) | 9 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 3 (2.3) |
| CRP≤10 mg (L) | 57 (50.0) | 39 (70.9)† | 209 (70.4)* | 135 (64.0)† | 117 (66.5)† | 36 (62.1) | 184 (56.4) | 47 (41.6) | 40 (19.0) | 34 (59.6) | 77 (59.2) |
| CRP≥20 mg (L) | 32 (28.1) | 12 (21.8) | 55 (18.5) | 41 (19.4) | 35 (19.9) | 16 (27.6) | 101 (31.0) | 34 (30.1) | 141 (67.1)* | 10 (17.5) | 27 (20.8) |
| ESR≤20 mm (hr) | 74 (64.9)† | 34 (61.8) | 179 (60.2)† | 115 (54.5) | 104 (59.1)† | 36 (62.1) | 169 (51.8) | 52 (46.0) | 49 (23.3) | 29 (50.9) | 58 (44.6) |
| ESR≥40 mm (hr) | 15 (13.1) | 3 (5.5) | 34 (11.4) | 34 (16.1) | 27 (15.3) | 7 (12.1) | 61 (18.7) | 14 (12.4) | 79 (37.6)* | 9 (15.8) | 15 (11.5) |
| Diagnosis at discharge | |||||||||||
| Croup | 8 (7.0) | 4 (7.3) | 6 (2.0) | 5 (2.4 | 36 (20.5)* | 18 (31.0)* | 10 (3.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | 4 (7.0) | 4 (3.1) |
| Pneumonia | 24 (21.1) | 10 (18.2) | 187 (63.0)* | 110 (52.1)* | 61 (34.7) | 6 (10.3) | 87 (26.7) | 12 (10.6) | 44 (21.0) | 26 (45.6) | 89 (68.5)* |
| Bronchiolitis | 2 (1.8) | 1 (1.8) | 73 (24.6)* | 63 (29.9)* | 16 (9.1) | 2 (3.4) | 53 (16.3) | 0 (0) | 4 (1.9) | 7 (12.3) | 20 (15.4) |
| Asthma exacerbation | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.9 | 3 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 26 (8.0)* | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Treatment and outcomes | |||||||||||
| Antibiotics use | 55 (48.2) | 19 (34.5) | 200 (67.3) | 155 (73.5) | 129 (73.3) | 37 (63.8) | 216 (66.3) | 76 (67.3) | 159 (75.7)† | 42 (73.7) | 108 (83.1)* |
| Steroid use | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 11 (3.7) | 11 (5.2) | 9 (5.1) | 0 (0) | 28 (8.6)* | 1 (0.9) | 1 (0.5) | 4 (7.0) | 3 (2.3) |
| Nebulizer use‡ | 16 (14.0) | 5 (9.1) | 137 (46.1)* | 101 (47.9)* | 74 (42.0)† | 20 (34.5) | 119 (36.5) | 3 (2.7) | 15 (7.1) | 24 (42.1) | 50 (38.5) |
| O2 supplementation | 4 (3.5) | 1 (1.8) | 66 (22.2)* | 37 (17.5)† | 26 (14.8) | 5 (8.6) | 32 (9.8) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.4) | 8 (14.0) | 12 (9.2) |
| ICU care | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (2.0)† | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.8) | 0 (0) |
| Hospitalization (day) | 5.1±3.1 | 4.5±1.6† | 5.8±2.1* | 5.4±1.8† | 5.3±2.4 | 4.4±1.5† | 4.8±1.6* | 4.6±1.7† | 4.8±1.8† | 5.0±1.5 | 5.3±1.6 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).
IFA, influenza virus A; IFB, influenza virus B; RSV A, respiratory syncytial virus A; RSV B, respiratory syncytial virus B; PIV, parainfluenza virus; hCV, human coronavirus; hRV, human rhinovirus; hEV, human enterovirus; AdV, adenovirus; hBV, human bocavirus; hMPV, human metapneumovirus; WBC, white blood cell; ANC, absolute neutrophil count; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; AST, serum aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, serum alanine aminotransferase; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; ICU, intensive care units.
*P<0.001, †P<0.05, significant differences between case patients positive and negative for the specific virus. ‡Nebulizer drug; bronchodilator.