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. 2018 Jun 27;8:9760. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28014-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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2-NBDG uptake in mucosal tissue after topical application. White light images of normal (a) and DMBA treated (b) cheek pouch mucosa; Pre 2-NBDG baseline fluorescence images of the normal (c) and DMBA treated (d) cheek pouch mucosa; Post 2-NBDG fluorescence of the normal (e) and DMBA treated cheek pouch mucosa (f) are shown. OSCC (solid arrow) and OED (dotted arrow) indicated in (f) are zoomed in and shown in (g) and (h) respectively. Arrows in (a–h) indicate ROIs with solid arrows for OSCC and dotted arrows for OED. Arrow heads in (b) shows tissue folds and in (f) shows 2-NBDG accumulation in those folds. (i–l) H&E stained sections of the OSCC site from (g), OED site from (h), normal site from (e, “*”) and normal (f, “*”) tissues are shown respectively. “*” in (e,f) indicate normal epithelium. K: keratinizing layer; E: epithelium; M: extracellular matrix. Arrows in (i,j) indicate neoplastic epithelial cells. Scale bar is 5 mm unless specified in the image.